Britain And Australia, The Fall Of Singapore And The Great Betrayal In 1942 And Onwards

One of the important characteristics of international relationship is the ability of one country to trust the word of their partners that their partners would look after the best interest of their partners, especially after mutual action plan is being executed and undertaken. There is the proverbial thought about how political bed partners involved in global country alliances are expected scratch each other’s backs.The failure of a partner to look after and protect the interests of the other partner is a very strong incident that easily breaks the trust that binds countries together in friendship, cooperation and alliance. One of the significant setbacks of Australia during the Second World War was the fall of Singapore after the British forces, which Australia trusted to protect this Asian country from being overrun by the enemy. The prevailing feeling that surfaced after the incident was made public was the feeling of betrayal among Australians towards Britain and the Britis h army.Even disregarding the fact that Singapore is an important foothold in the Australian dominion, Australia felt betrayed because they were sent to fight in another location under Britain’s bidding to salvage an important British interest with the guarantee that British forces will look after Australian interests in the Asia-Pacific Region. It was something which they failed to do in a manner that did not provide the British with even a semblance of consolation, just mere indignation over what happened.Britain’s surrender at Singapore in February 1942 can be considered as tantamount to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire because many critics and historians believe that Britain simply betrayed Australia when the British forces surrendered at Singapore at during the Second World War, considering that the same level of justification of the idea of betrayal was attributed to the concept of the â€Å"Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire†.Karl H ack provided a scathing verdict on the Singapore 1942 issue between Australia and Britain, supporting the belief of political analysts and historians who believe that Britain’s action in Singapore in 1942 was indeed an act of betrayal towards its ally Australia. â€Å"In one sense the fall of Singapore had represented a betrayal of Australia, and so catapulted Australia into an American embrace . Hack’s position in this issue was that the British act of betrayal towards Australia’s dominion in 1942 is the contribution towards the loss of one of Australia’s important foothold in the Asian region. This is because the British poorly and inadequately attended to the military concerns involving the defense of Singapore, explaining that â€Å"Britain had encouraged Australia to commit forces to the Mediterranean, and then provided inadequate defences for Singapore . †Gerhard Weinberg made the same observation about the question of British betrayal of Au stralia, explaining that the betrayal is found in the inability of the British to come to the aid of the country which is its ally in its time of need, especially with the fact that there was an understanding between the two nations about the providing of support and assistance; Australia can help the British military strategy and at the same time provide ample and sufficient forces that can protect Australia as well as Australia’s other footholds and territories in the Asia-Pacific region. In both Australia and New Zealand, the war had somewhat similar repercussions.Both felt deserted by the home country in their hour of greatest danger; it may be an exaggeration, but not a completely unjustified one . † Singapore fell on February 1942, but as early as January, the Australian government has already impressed upon its British allies that they would consider the fall of Singapore, which was under their watch, as an â€Å"inexcusable betrayal. The telegram that travelled from Australia to London indicated how Australia was hoping that Britain would indeed hold true to its promises and â€Å"all the assurance we have been given ,† including an solid fortress that will wait for the arrival of the British fleet that will support land efforts to defend Singapore . This telegram was received by Winston Churchill, the contents of which something that Churchill was not very happy or appreciative to read or be the recipient of such note.The reported efforts of the British to save Singapore from falling (including the sending in of the 18th Division) was later regarded as a wrong move for the British, definitely unmindful and not caring anymore about the idea of betrayal that Australia might feel. â€Å"The phrase ‘inexcusable betrayal’ greatly annoyed Churchill, and he could not easily forget it.The minutes of the British War Cabinet’s meeting, which reviewed events the day after Singapore's surrender recorded that it now seemed a pity that Britain had sent the 18th Division to Singapore . † With this information, can it be now assumed that the British leaders during the war indeed betrayed Australia by showing very little consideration or little cause of concern for the interest of Australia and were just focused on winning their own goal?If this was true, then the Singapore debacle was similar to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s empire, since in both occasions, the similar idea was that Australia was abandoned by its ally Britain and left close to being helpless, defenseless and alone. This is because it trusted an ally that was not sincerely looking and protecting the interests of its allies which it relied for help during the height of the battles in the Asia Pacific Theater of Operation during the Second World War.Churchill’s oversight in what was poor defences set up in Singapore one month prior to the fall of Singapore and the planning to evacuate and not fortify the defences we re also pointing to the fact that the British was not planning on holding on to Singapore, not even for the sake of the country’s alliance with Australia, to which Singapore and its defense is important. â€Å"At this late stage, Churchill now gave urgent consideration to the evacuation of all the Allied troops at Singapore to prevent what could now be foreseen as widespread disaster†¦Any evacuation of Singapore would have appalled Australians; indeed it would be difficult to exaggerate the effect to national morale of such an apparent betrayal . † The idea of selfishness and being self centered by the British military operation in the Asia Pacific during World War II that resulted to the idea of Britain’s betrayal of Australia in Singapore and in the whole of the Asian WWII conflict was also supported by other instances that saw Britain manipulating Australia and its resources without any consideration to the Australian government, the Australian sovereign ty and the Australian interests.Hamill talked about the incident wherein the returning Australian divisions from the Middle East was redirected, without approval from Australia, to Rangoon where Britain was hoping to save its interests in Burma, which was foiled since Australian Prime Minister Curtin directed the troopship to head straight for Australia instead . The presence of the sense of betrayal by Britain of Australia as a consequence of the 1942 Singapore debacleThe justification of the feeling of betrayal of Australia by Britain can be found in how analysts try to put together actions of both countries in international organizations involving the two. Most of the time, analysts point to the reason that Australia cannot again fully trust Britain especially when concerns involve security and military owing to the presumed betrayal by the British of its Australian allies in Singapore in 1942. For Australia’s resort to the 1951 ANZUS Pact has sometimes been seen as a deci sive turning away from Britain, the result of British betrayal at Singapore . † Critics believe that actions particularly that of Australia was always towards the minimalization of dependency on other countries, or forging alliances with countries except Britain. â€Å"ANZUS symbolised Australia's new-found willingness to enter agreements which excluded Britain . †The feeling of betrayal by Britain of Australia has an effect that rippled all the way across towards the more contemporary times. While some believed that the memory of the betrayal of Britain of Australia and its territorial interests in the global stage, there are also those who used the idea and feeling of betrayal of Britain of Australia as a rallying point for Australia to justify the movements that it is making today, pointing to a decision making paradigm that highlights important historical notes as a guide towards future political actions.One of which is the lesson of the betrayal and what Australia seeks to gain, and lose, when it trusts Britain again. The betrayal somewhat became an important cornerstone towards the growth of Australian nationalism in the country, among its people and its political leaders. â€Å"Keating’s parliamentary speech accusing Britain of betraying Australia at Singapore in 1942 displayed with dramatic clarity the influence of Jack Lang's aggressive Australianism . Oddly, when the news of how the Australian prime minister poked at the British government fifty years later about the betrayal in 1942 during the visit of the Queen of Britain, the focus of the news content was about how the Queen was treated disrespectfully, the news hardly making effort to defend the country from the accusations and was merely outraged by the scandalous treatment of their Queen. â€Å"The London tabloids are in a frenzy over Mr.Keating's charge that Britain abandoned Australia during World War II ,† while others took the instance to make political appraisal of Paul Keating, saying that â€Å"In his seemingly off-hand remarks about the monarchy and his tilt at Britain’s alleged betrayal of Australia in 1942, Paul Keating is moving to place himself firmly in the tradition of the great Labor Party nationalists†¦ nor has he forgotten Britain’s alleged sins of 1942 . †While some historians do not actually support Britain when it comes to the issue of the Singapore debacle in 1942, these writers also try to put into consideration the contribution of Australian forces defending Singapore, particularly the aspect of Australian desertions at the height of the efforts to save Singapore from Japanese forces and the number of surrendering Australian soldiers who easily surrendered and gave up the defense of Singapore.â€Å"Some British historians questioned the performance of Australian troops in Singapore†¦ hether Singapore could have been saved as late as 15 February, and whether Australian desertions accelerated the final surrender . † But some historians believed that the emotional repercussion resulting from the collapse of Singapore, particularly the feeling of betrayal, was not a very important issue at all, since the most important concern of Australia was not really the fall of Singapore but the fact that the Japanese forces are inching closer and closer to Australia. â€Å"Though these incidents created great ill-feeling at the time, the lasting damage done to Anglo-Australian relations was small.The differing reactions of Australia and New Zealand to the collapse of the Singapore strategy stemmed in part from the more immediate danger which the Japanese line of advance appeared to present to the Australians . † CONCLUSION Was Britain’s action in Singapore an act of betrayal tantamount to the concept of Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire? It looks like this is just the one and only time that the Australian government felt they were betrayed by Britain th at resulted to the loss of their former empire.If such was the case, then it can be argued that the Singapore collapse by Britain was indeed tantamount to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire. But as what information from related literary sources reveal, historians and politicians chose to attack Britain solely for the Singapore oversight and misdeed. It was rarely pointed as the turning point for the crumbling of the empire, or was the action synonymous to such similar vein of thought or idea.But at some degree, the proposition of similarity in the aspect of betrayal can be accepted, and can also be argued against as well. The act of betrayal by one country towards another country especially in time of dire need, like in times of war, is something which maybe heavily discussed and analysed in many different history books. But this does not mean that it makes it easy to identify if there was indeed an act of betrayal and which country was guilty of such act of betrayal.Fo r one, the concept of betrayal is very subjective and is very difficult to objectify since it is difficult to define a socially accepted concept of betrayal, given the existing situation. The resources and options available and the considerations that decision makers have to make upon reaching the decision which was to be the root of the controversy on the act betrayal. Secondly, the aspect of ethnocentricity will often eclipse or seriously affect the objectivity of historians and book authors tackling about this particular World War II issue.There will be Australian writers and historians who will insist that their country was indeed betrayed at Singapore in 1942 and that the action was tantamount to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire. While on the other hand, there will be British historians and writers who will say otherwise, that the British military action in Singapore in 1942 happened as it is after careful consideration of important priorities that somehow superc eded whatever it is that other people felt was left high and dry during this particular episode in the relationship of Australia and Britain.There will also be comments, analysis, comments and discussions about Britain’s actions in Singapore in 1942 and the possible interpretation of such action and how it is similar and leading to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire coming from historians and writers who are neither British nor Australian, attacking the issue from a neutral standpoint sans the impact and effect of the sense of national pride or indignity and social justification.These were reflected earlier in the paper, as the paper, in the effort to discuss the different important sides of this issue, provided several different ideas about the issue lifted from related and credible literature. In hindsight, what can be deduced is that there was no shared opinion about how this particular event would be assessed and remembered.The split in the opinion about the presence of the act of betrayal hinged largely on the fact that neither the British nor the Australians would yield with regards to this particular issue, each country standing firm about its position that it did everything that was necessary to preserve a much greater goal and to achieve a more important objective.

Public Addressing System

Table of Contents Acknowledgment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Background of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Objective of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Scope and Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. * Significance of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Conceptual Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Schematic Diagrams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Parts List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Glossary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ AcknowledgmentThe proponents would like to express their sincerest and deepest gratitude to the following for their contribution and involvement in the project: to God Al mighty, for His unfathomable grace and overwhelming blessings, to their parents, for providing the place to stay throughout the project. If it weren’t for their financial, emotional, mental, and spiritual support, the proponents wouldn’t have completed the project, to the librarians of the Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University for their assistance, to their supportive Electronics Engineering Department Instructor, Engr.May Layson for giving them the opportunity to fulfill this project and lastly, to their friends, classmates, colleagues and everyone who were not mentioned who also, even in their small ways, helped in the improvement and fulfillment of the project, and supported the proponents until the end. They are forever in debt to everyone for their undying support, for without them, this project wouldn’t be completed. Abstract There had been a number of projects that focuses on the important aspects of a Public Addressing System.This study was then conducted in order to understand and appreciate the working principles of PA systems from their construction, functions and daily applications. Specifically, this research aimed to identify the role and reliability of PA Systems as a tool for communications. The design of the device was based on the perspectives of the instructors on how the system will satisfy the needs of the institution. The advantages and disadvantages of using the tool were also discussed. Weighted means were computed to analyze the significance of the project.The results showed that the project is capable of being an optional sound reinforcement system since it can do mixing and amplifying signals of different inputs. This in turn benefits the student’s society as it enables them to have means of addressing with one another through a sound amplification system. This also helps in reducing the constraints of having a poor sense of communication in a limited range. Nonetheless, the students involved also agree that the accuracy of the data obtained from the test results are quite difficult to ensure considering that the knowledge about the device is limited.Future researchers could easily take enhancements recommended for the betterment of the project. Moreover, legal consultation had been correlated to this tool. As stated from literatures, these finding clearly emphasizes the need for some additional resources from the previous studies and advices from instructors to ensure the reliability and validity of the results obtained. Items that point out to lack of available components must be taken out. Furthermore, outcomes of project enhancement and appraisal can be more successful by combining the concepts and ideas made based from the prototype versions.Introduction Communication plays an important role in the development of a nation. It is an integral part of development. Societies cannot change and develop without communication, as it is a process of social interaction throug h which people are influenced by ideas, attitudes, knowledge and behavior of each other. Nowadays, communication has attained a great importance in the developmental programs. It is through the process of communication that people are made aware of the nature and objectives of the programs.The useful developmental messages are conveyed to the target groups through various communication approaches. This helps people in acquiring new knowledge required for coping with fast changing society and in adoption of innovations for the improvement of their practices, methods and quality of life. Through the advancement of technology, electronics paved way for the development of communication systems. One of the innovations brought about these technologies is the Public Addressing System.A Public Addressing System or simply PA System is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system. It is anything that amplifies sound so more people can hear it. Most basic systems these days includ e several different parts such as one or more microphones, one or more speakers, a mixer that allows the user to control the volume, tone and balance of different voices or instruments, an amplifier (built into the mixer, built into the speakers, or purchased separately) and stands to hold the speakers and microphones at appropriate height and angles.From this documentation, the researchers were able to explore and delve deeper about the concepts on how a PA System work and how does it contribute to development in the field of communication systems. Background of the Study A Public Address (PA) system is a collection of audio equipment that allows broadcasts over a designated area. Often found in schools and office buildings, PA systems can be used for general announcements or emergency information, providing a simple way to get information out quickly. PA systems can be basic or advanced, and people can customize them to fit a variety of needs.There are even personal models that ca n be less expensive, but allow for a much shorter range. The term is also used for systems which may additionally have a mixing console, amplifiers, and loudspeakers suitable for music as well as speech, used to reinforce a sound source, e. g. , recorded music or a person giving a speech, and distributing the sound throughout a venue or building. Sound reinforcement systems and PA systems may use some similar components, but with differing application, although the distinction between the two is not clear-cut.Sound reinforcement systems are for live music or performance, whereas PA systems are primarily for reproduction of speech. The presence of the light weight components included in the circuit makes it easier to carry, and therefore, making it handy. Recently from the previous projects, we have used several components to amplify signals. Some of which are the bipolar junction transistor, field-effect transistor and metal-oxide semiconductor transistor, now we will use one of the best amplifying device, the IC OP-AMP. 41 OP-AMP is a versatile IC that can be used as a differential amplifier. From this, the researchers must be able to conceptualize and build effective Portable Public Addressing System using operational amplifiers and other electronic components as the center of the study. Statement of the Problem What is the purpose of a Public Addressing System? The purpose of a portable PA system is to provide an accessible way of addressing in a crowd. This is very useful when communications are to be made in a limited broadcasting range. Objective of the StudyTo be able to conceptualize and build an effective public addressing system using IC-Operational Amplifiers and other electronic components and understand and appreciate its principles of operation as well as its primary function and applications. Scope and Limitations While a simple and portable PA system is often fairly expensive, it can provide a speaker with some options for addressing a crowd of people. This type of public announcement hardware provides someone with extremely limited broadcasting range, often including only a single speaker, but still serves to amplify the user's voice.All PA systems are also delimited since they have a potential for audio feedback, which occurs when sound from the speakers returns to the microphone and is then re-amplified and sent through the speakers again. Another thing is, more advanced versions increase in price considerably, especially with numerous cords, wireless hubs, and adaptors that may be required. This all depends, however, on what a person or business needs in terms of PA system hardware and installation. Significance of the StudyThe project is intended to enrich and upgrade the knowledge of the proponents about the different uses of IC Operational Amplifiers by constructing a simple portable Public Addressing System. This study will be a significant endeavor in promoting the construction of useful devices with the advancem ents of electronics. It will also be beneficial to the students and instructors in some applications employing conduction of gatherings, meetings, seminars and workshops for effective learning in their classroom setting particularly in different concepts related to electronics.By understanding the needs of the students and benefits of quality education, these instructors and students are assured of a competitive advantage. Moreover, this project will provide recommendations on how to evaluate the performance of the researchers involved in accordance to the outcome of the study. Conceptual Framework A Public Address System is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with an audio input, amplifier and an audio output. The Portable Public-Addressing System (PA systems) is capable of amplifying different input signals like microphone, audio, and guitar signals simultaneously.Microphones The transmission can begin with a microphone, which is a device that can assist in m agnifying an audio source's volume. A microphone is classified as a device that transforms sound into an electrical signal. Microphones used in PA systems are usually dynamic or condensers. Dynamic microphones are more rugged than condensers and are able to withstand the elements a little better. Condenser microphones utilize their own power source and produce better-quality audio signals, but can sometimes be so sensitive that they also receive background noises.Mixers If a microphone or another audio source is used in a PA system, it is plugged into a mixer. The mixer allows for multiple channels of sound to be broadcast at different levels. This can help prevent feedback if a PA system will involve multiple microphones, instruments, or other audio sources. For example, someone may use a PA system to sing along with a pre-recorded CD. The CD track could be plugged into one channel, while the singer's voice would be broadcast through another. Amplifier The amplifier is usually side by side or incorporated with the mixer.The amplifier's job is to magnify the audio signal by manipulating its varying frequency qualities. Gain in an amplifier refers to the decibel level of the sound coming out of the speakers. Another quality, Output Dynamic Range, refers to the loud and soft levels of a specific channel's sound. Too low of an output could result in just broadcasting noise; too high of an output can lead to distortion. Loudspeakers The loudspeaker is the output end of the PA system, transforming the electrical signal back into sound that a group can hear.A good loudspeaker system will separate the differing sound frequencies and broadcast them through different sound channels for better quality output. Parts of a loudspeaker system include a woofer, which broadcasts low frequency sounds; and tweeters, the drivers of high frequency output. Some speakers also contain crossover systems that are responsible for separating these frequencies, reducing the electrical no ise that can sometimes accompany a PA system broadcast. Discussions The design of the system internally contains three major stages. These stages are connected to each other to attain the circuit of a Portable Public Address System.The first stage is the power supply of the circuit; has a center-tapped transformer with the primary set to 220Vac and secondary of 12-0-12Vac. This transformer is connected to diodes and capacitor which is responsible for filtering and to produce a full-wave output. This output will become a DC voltage which will serve as +VCC for the next stage. The second stage is for the Pre-amplifiers. There are three Pre-amplifiers which contain two inputs for the microphone and one for the guitar. The Pre-amplifiers in the project use an IC which is generally considered as one the most versatile component there is.The purpose of the IC is to amplify the input sound signals to produce a sound suitable for speakers. Normally in the pre-amp, the output of the sound is not quite satisfying. An increase in the volume of the sound will be attained when it is connected into another stage which is the Power-Amplifier stage. This is the last stage of the circuit. The Power-Amplifier is one that drives the input sound coming from the pre-amplifier to produce an output through speakers. The Power-Amplifier uses an IC also. The loudness of the sound is produced by the Power-Amplifier. Schematic Diagrams * Audio * Guitar Microphone * Microphone Power Amplifier * Power Supply Parts list Label| Quantity| Description| R1, R2, R3| 3| 1K 1/4W Resistor| R4, R5, R6| 3| 10K Logarithmic Pot| R7| 1| 1Meg 1/4W Resistor| R8, R10| 2| 10K 1/4W Resistor| R9, R11| 2| 100K Linear Pot| C1, C2, C5, C6| 1| 0. 1uF Ceramic Disc Capacitor| C3, C4| 2| 22nF Ceramic Disc Capacitor| U1, U2| 2| 741 Op Amp| J1, J2, J3| 3| Input Jacks| MISC| 1| Board, Wire, Knobs, IC Sockets| Conclusion A Portable Public Address System is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers used to allow a person to address a large public for example for announcements of ovements at large and noisy air and terminals. The PA system contains a mixing console where the amplifiers and loudspeakers are suitable for music and as well as speech used to reinforce a sound source and distributing the sound throughout a venue or building. It is often used in small areas such as school auditoriums, churches, small bars or other places. The significance of being portable is by means of you can carry it anywhere because it is lighter and useful for emergency or immediate announcements.It also contains two systems combine in one module. The two systems may use some similar components but with different application. It has a sound reinforcement system which is the guitar input use for music performance and a PA system which is the microphone input use for speech purposes. Glossary A Amplify – to  make  larger,  greater,  or  st ronger;  enlarge;  extend. Audio – pertains to employed  in  the  transmission,  reception,  reproduction  of  sound. B Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) – has three terminals connected to three doped semiconductor regions.Board – piece  of  wood  sawed  thin,  and  of  considerable  length  andbreadth  compared  with  the  thickness. C Condenser-lens  or  combination  of  lenses  that  gathers  andconcentrates  light  in  a  specified  direction,  often  used  to direct  light  onto  the  projection  lens  in  a  projection  system. Constraints – limitation  or  restriction. Circuit – the  complete  path  of  anelectric  current,  including  the  generating  apparatus, intervening  resistors,  or  capacitors. Capacitor – is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field.Console â€⠀œ a physical device to operate a computer. D differential amplifier  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference between two voltages but does not amplify the particular voltages. F field-effect transistor  (FET) is a  transistor  that uses an  electric field  to control the shape and hence the  conductivity  of a  channel  of one type of  charge carrier  in a  semiconductor  material feedback – occurs when a sound loop exists between an audio input (for example, a  microphone  or  guitar pickup) and an audio output (for example, a  loudspeaker).H hub  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ makes the networking of multiple computers in the home or office easier. I Integrated circuit (IC) – the patterned diffusion of trace  elements  into the surface of a thin  substrate  of  semiconductor  material. Input  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ term  denoting  either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a  system  and which activate /modify a  process. J Jack – is a small, round electrical connector found on audio and video products that is used to interconnect components. Junction – point where at least three circuit paths meet. KKnob – a small rounded ornament or handle. M MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor – special type of field-effect transistor (  FET  ) that works by electronically varying the width of a channel along which charge carriers (  electron  s or  hole  s) flow. Microphone – an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. N Noise  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ unwanted sound. O Operational-Amplifiers – widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices.Output – term denoting either an exit or changes which exit a system and which activate/modify a process. P Portable – denotes something that is handy. Plug – a male fitting for making an electrical connection to a live circuit by insertion in a receptacle (as an outlet). Pre-amplifier (pre-amp) – an electronic amplifier that prepares a small electrical signal for further amplification or processing Potentiometer – commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. RResistor – is part of an electrical circuit that resists the flow of current. Reinforcement – is when a behavior is increased or maintained by its consequences. Rugged – having a rough uneven surface. S Signal – a detectable physical quantity or impulse (as a voltage, current, or magnetic field strength) by which messages or information can be transmitted. Speaker – an output device used specially for audio signals. T Transistor – a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.Terminal – a position in a  circuit  or device at which a connection can be made or broken. References Articles * Basic P. A. Systems: A Primer For Using P. A. Systems by Yorkville Sound Books * Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky * Electronic Principles by Albert Paul Malvino * Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition by Stan Gibilisco Websites * www. yorkville. com * www. wikipedia. com * www. circuitstoday. com * www. ehow. com * www. howstuffworks. com Appendices LM741 Operational Amplifier General DescriptionThe LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications. The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations. The LM741C is identical to t he LM741/LM741A except that the LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a 0 °C to +70 °C temperature range, instead of ? 5 °C to +125 °C. Connection Diagram Recommendations All PA systems have a potential for audio feedback, which occurs when sound from the speakers returns to the microphone and is then re-amplified and sent through the speakers again. Sound engineers take several steps to maximize gain before feedback. If you are setting up a sound system and want to avoid feedback, there are a few general measures that can help avoid such problem: * Keep a certain distance between the position of the microphone and the speakers. * Use a unidirectional microphone. If you have access to an equalizer, dampen the frequencies where feedback is occurring. * Ensure that both microphone and speakers are in good performance state. * Never place a mobile phone near the speakers or even at the microphone. Since the Power-Amplifier is responsible for the driving of the input soun d (coming from the pre-amplifier), it is necessary to have an efficient circuit of a power amplifier with a sufficient wattage needed to obtain a desired output. The greater the wattage value of a power amplifier circuit, the better the output sound.

BTK Strangler: Dennis Rader

Dennis Lynn Rader, born March 9, 1945, had been penalized to serve ten consecutive life sentences with no chance of parole for more than 40 years having been guilty of murdering ten (10) people in Sedgwick County, Kansas between 1974 and 1991. Rader became known to be the BTK Strangler, which stands for Bind, Torture and Kill, an apt description for his modus operandi. Soon after the killings, letters were written to the police and to local news outlets, boasting of the crimes and knowledge of the details. He was then arrested in 2005 and subsequently convicted after the letters have resumed in year 2004.Biography Rader was the eldest of the four sons of William Elvin and Dorothea Mae Rader. He grew up in Wichita, where he committed his murders, and graduated from Riverview School and later Wichita Heights High School. Rader also attended Kansas Wesleyan University and spent four years in the U. S. Air Force. Rader moved to Park City, a suburb seven miles north of Wichita. There he w orked at the meat department of Leekers IGA supermarket where his mother also worked as the bookkeeper. On May 22, 1971, he married Paula Dietz.In 1973, he earned an associate’s degree in Electronics at Butler County Community, El Dorado. That same time, he enrolled at Wichita State University and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in Administration of Justice in 1979. He led a Cub Scout troop and was active in his Lutheran Church. Rader has two grown children with Dietz. From 1972 to 1973, he worked for the Coleman Company as an assembler, as had two of his early victims. From November 1974, until being fired in July 1988, Rader worked ay a Wichita-based office of ADT Security Services.It was believed that this is where he has learned how home security systems work, and how to defeat them, enabling him to break into the homes of his victims without being caught. In 1991, Rader was hired to be the supervisor of the Compliance Department at Park City. On March 2, 2005, the Park City council fired Rader for failure to report to work. By this time, he had been detained by the authorities for being charged of murder. On July 27, 2005, Sedgwick County District Judge Eric Yost waived the usual 60-day waiting period and granted an immediate divorce for Paula Rader, being in accord that her mental health was in danger.Paula Rader said in her divorce petition that her mental and physical condition has been adversely affected by their marriage and that her husband had failed to perform material marital dues, possibly because of him being in custody. The 34-year marriage was ended, after Rader having not contested to the divorce. Bind, Torture and Kill Rader casually described his victims as his ‘projects’ and at one point likened his murders to euthanizing animals. He had referred to a ‘hit kit,’ a briefcase or bowling bag where he would put the items he would use during the murders.This includes guns, tape, rope and handcuffs. He also had ‘hit clothes’ that he would wear for the crimes and dispose it thereafter. Naturally, the American serial killer developed a pattern for his murders. He would wander the city, find potential victims, stalk them until he knew the patter of their lives and strike at the best time to do so. If his victims were his co-workers, he would get acquainted with them making it easier for him to track him down. He would often stalk several victims at a time, so he could continue the hunt if one did not work out.At the time of the murder, Rader would cut the phone lines, defeat the home security system and break into the house, and hide until his victim came home. He would often calm his victims by pretending to be a rapist. He said many of his victims were more cooperative after he said this, and even helped him. Instead, Rader would kill them. Apparently, Rader bound, tortured and killed his victims. He would strangle them until they lose consciousness, let them revive, and then strangle them again. â€Å"He would repeat the process over and over, forcing them to experience near-death, becoming sexually aroused at the sight of their struggles.Finally, Rader would strangle them to death and masturbate to ejaculation into an article of their clothing, usually underwear† (Smith 2006). Apprehension and Conviction One thousand one hundred (1100) DNA samples were taken by the police testing hundreds of men trying to find the serial killer. Rader’s daughter had a DNA sample tested after law enforcement had linked her father’s name to the crimes. Rader had left a note to the police asking them to reply by a newspaper ad, if it was alright for him to give them more information about himself via floppy disk and not get caught.The police had then replied, via the newspaper ad, that it was alright and that there was no way ok knowing who sent it, when in fact there was. On January 2005, Rader came to his pastor with a floppy disk saying he had the agenda of a church council meeting and needed to run off copies on a printer. He had inserted the disk into a computer thinking it was ordinary but unfortunately, that move may have cracked the BTK serial killer case to the police. On the last day of February 2005, Pastor Michael Clark welcomed four law enforcement officers with a search warrant and he was asked who had access to the computer.An electronic imprint in a disk sent to a Wichita TV station by the BTK killer had been traced to the church. It appears that a computer disk becomes the key evidence to charging the then 59-year-old church council president with 10 murders that terrorized the city for over three decades. The authorities had him caught; they quickly got the BTK’s name and tracked him down. The police had been tightlipped about why they believe Rader is the BTK killer, but some details have emerged indeed pointing to him as the murderer.Among them are the disk, DNA samples, surveillance and mocki ng letters. Rader, who was held in lieu of $10 million bail, was arrested on February 25, 2005 in Park City. One June 27, 2005, he pleaded guilty to his crimes and gave a graphic account of his crimes in court (Serial). Rader was suspected of eight murders committed in the 1970s and 80s but authorities have linked two additional victims to the serial killer. He was sentenced to serve 10 consecutive life sentences (one for each life he took), without parole for 175 years, on August 18, 2005.The Victims Rader’s victims include: ? 1974: Four members of one family (Joseph Otero, his wife Julie Otero, and two of their five children: Joseph Otero II and Josephine Otero) and a separate victim, Kathryn Bright ? 1977: Shirley Vian and Nancy Fox ? 1985: Marine Hedge ? 1986: Vicki Wegerle ? 1991: Dolores Davis Rader said he did have other intended victims, notably Anna Williams, 63, who in 9179 escaped death by returning home much later than he expected. The Letters Rader was particular ly known for sending taunting letters to police and newspapers.There were several communications from BTK during 1974 to 1979. The first was a letter that had been stashed in an engineering book in the Wichita Public Library in October 1974 that described in detail the killing of the Otero family in January of that year. In early 1978 he sent another letter to television station KAKE in Wichita claiming responsibility for the murders of the Oteros, Shirley Vian, Nancy Fox and another unidentified victim assumed to be Kathryn Bright. He suggested a number of possible names for himself, including the one that stuck: BTK.He demanded media attention in this second letter, and it was finally announced that Wichita did indeed have a serial killer at large. In 1979 he sent two identical packages, one to an intended victim who was not at home when he broke into her house and the other to KAKE. These featured a poem, â€Å"Oh Anna Why Didn't You Appear,† a drawing of what he had inten ded to do to his victim, as well as some small items he had pilfered from Williams' home. Apparently, Rader had waited for several hours inside the home of Anna Williams.Not realizing that she had gone to her sister's house for the evening, he eventually got tired of the long wait and left. In 1988, after the murders of three members of the Fager family in Wichita, a letter was received from someone claiming to be the BTK killer in which he denied being the perpetrator of this crime. He did credit the killer with having done admirable work. It was not proven until 2005 that this letter was in fact written by the genuine BTK killer, Rader, although he is not considered by police to have committed this crime. ArrestSometime during February 2005, police obtained a warrant for the medical records of Rader’s daughter. A tissue sample seized at this time was tested for DNA and provided a familial match with semen at an earlier BTK crime scene. This, along with other evidence gather ed prior to and during the surveillance, gave police probable cause for an arrest. Rader was stopped while driving near his home and taken into custody shortly after noon on February 25, 2005. Immediately after, law enforcement officials converged on Rader’s residence near the intersection of I-135 and 61st Street North.Once in hand, Rader’s home and vehicle were searched, and evidence was collected. Rader talked to the police for several hours, although he confessed almost immediately. Twelve DVDs were filled recording his confessions. On February 26, 2005, the Wichita Police Department announced that they were holding Dennis Lynn Rader as the prime suspect in the BTK killings in a press conference. The Reason Behind the Killings After having taken into custody, Rader admits through local police department interview that he committed the crimes â€Å"to satisfy his sexual fantasies† (Douglas 2007).Works Cited Beattie, R. Nightmare In Wichita: The Hunt for the B TK Strangler. New American Library, 2005. Brunker, M. Neighbors Paint Mixed Picture of BTK Suspect. MSNBC News Services & The Associated Press. 27 February 2005. Douglas, J. E. Inside the Mind of BTK: The true Story Behind Thirty Years of Hunting for the Wichita Serial Killer. Jossey Bass Wiley, 2007. Serial Killer Next Door – Confessions of the BTK Killer. CNN. 27 June 2005. Smith, C. The BTK Murders: Inside the â€Å"Bind Torture Kill† Case that Terrified America's Heartland. St. Martin's True Crime, 2006.

Case study finance Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance - Case Study Example The firm provides equipment for performance inclusive of sport balls, socks, timepieces, bats, eyewear, golf clubs, protective equipment among others. Currently, the company is at its declining phase given that in spite of achieving global recognition, their sales are declining, the market share is declining and the profits are not growing. Moreover the share price of the company’s stocks is going down the drain and there are concerns over its investment in mutual fund where the rating of the company is slowly being lowered. In July 2005 a portfolio manager of the company noted that a mutual fund management company was concerned over the write-ups of the groups. As a result the security prices of the firm continued to decline considerably. The company was also noted to be investing much in shares of fortune 500 firms which emphasis on value investment. Whilst the stocks were declining, the North Point Large-cap Fund was doing well as noted from its return of 20.7% while the rating by Standard and Poor went down 10.1%. There were also concerns over the profits remaining constant at US$ 9 billion while the market share in athletic shoes went down to 42% in 2000 from 48% in 1997. Revenue was also adversely affected by the negative impact of the dollar currency. To boost the revenues and growth of the company has to deal with top notch operating performance and establish strategies to boost the sale of athletic shoes in the mid-priced market segment which a segment the company has neglected in the recent times. The company has to also extend its efforts to clothing line business where the under the latest management the firm has performed well. Moreover, on the cost side of the company the company has plans to increase its efforts on control of expenses. The meeting of top executives stressed the importance of having a target of long term increase in revenues of 10% and a 15% growth in earnings. Moreover

The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe Assignment

The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe - Assignment Example Many folk practices and folktales have been cataloged in the ethnographic encyclopedia and folkloric motifs as a standard guide. These works allow the historian to crosscheck critically the practices and customs that were documented in primary sources. Our area of focus is going to deal with blood and its relationship to the early modern European (Redwald 27). The blood and the bodily symbolism are not only going to reflect the individual and social beliefs but also be able to interpret as they have the values and concepts that can be used to understand how people’s identity is built in a given society that they belong to. Anthropology methodologies are normally concerned with people’s culture; we are going to deal with an anthropological study of magic, witchcraft, heresy, and mysticism commonly known as paganism. Paganism ranges in various ways of high magic (known as ceremonial magic); through witchcraft, these two have varying cosmologies and mythologies, but they h ave a common unifying belief in communication with other spirits and deities in other worlds. These are usually experienced in one’s consciousness (Matteoni 97). According to Sprenger and Institoris’ analysis about witchcraft to have an effect, there must be the witch, the devil and God’s permission to concur in all the mentioned things. So the definition of many late medieval icons about the devil is not easy as one cannot tell the extent to which the devil is present in people’s minds (James 70). According to Peter Burke, the definition of â€Å"people† in western culture existed from the opposed categories: the nobility for the commoners, the literate for the illiterate, the rich for the poor, and the clergy for the laity. Historiography witchcraft reflects the problem of which figure perception by different parts of society, and historians have taken into consideration the socio-economic problems and changes in religious tensions, early modern society, the perception of the witch figure, effect of reformation and its gender relations (Levack 74).           Ã‚  

Health, Safety & Aviation Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Health, Safety & Aviation Law - Essay Example l consignment placed on airplane is not practicable, quite a few routine and technology initiatives have been planned to improve air cargo safety and prevent terrorist and illegal threats. These initiatives comprise: develop the ‘identified shipper’ agenda; enhance cargo inspections; raise the physical safety of air cargo services; increase oversight of air cargo operations; give safety training for cargo employees; and strict controls over access to aircraft throughout cargo operations. Other tools being well thought-out to improve air cargo safety includes tamper-resistant and tamper-evident packaging and containers; explosive detection methods and other cargo screening equipment; blast-resistant cargo containers; and biometric methods for employee identification and right of entry control. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act includes broad measures for cargo screening and safety procedures. The freights carried in passenger airplanes ought to be monitored and its safety ensured. Actually, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has faith in ‘known shipper’ programs to avoid consignments from unidentified sources on a passenger airplane. Various safety procedures have been put in practice to alleviate the risks linked with placing freight on passenger airplane and all-cargo aircraft (Elias, 2003). Various threats linked to air cargo safety comprise: carrying of explosive and incendiary devices; consignments of unrevealed or undetected dangerous materials aboard aircraft; cargo offense including theft and smuggling; and aircraft hijackings and disruption by persons with access to aircraft. Authorities have cautioned that air cargo possibly a potential target for terrorists for the reason that screening and scrutiny of air cargo are at present not as extensive as a mandatory screening of passengers and inspected luggage.  

Book Revew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Revew - Essay Example Acknowledging that her information is strung together by a lifetime of personal interest in the field and journalistic information gathering during her career as a writer for the New York Times, Dean’s book promises an overview of the issues involved and a reasoned plea for restraint in building up the beaches. In the final analysis, though, this book delivers high-quality information presented in a readable style that conveys not only the problems facing the nation’s beaches, but also the significance of this problem to the rest of the world. As an attempt to convince Americans not to build on the beaches, thus contributing to the erosion problem, the book is a success. Dean pulls her readers in by starting the book with an account of the devastating effects of the 1900 Galveston Hurricane and how the city responded. After outlining the city’s natural sense of vengeance against the uncaring ocean and its Herculean efforts to place it out of harm’s reach, she then outlines the long-term effects the sea wall and raising of the city have had on the coastline itself. Interspersing personal stories regarding coastline studies and devastating storms or other issues caused by erosion with factual and explanatory information regarding what these studies actually mean creates a solid argument against the process of building on the beach or attempting in any way to protect those buildings once constructed. Although she claims no scientific or special expertise on her own part, Dean’s work is widely recognized as a credible source for a number of other volumes including American Disasters by Stephen Biel (2001) and The Earth Around Us: Maintaining a Livable Planet by Jill Schneiderman (2003). As she outlines storm after storm and lost town after lost town, Dean continues to highlight the involvement of human encroachment on the

Confronting Stereotypes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Confronting Stereotypes - Assignment Example By assigning characteristics to large groups, it aids humans in simplifying, organizing, and predicting the society they function. As a result, there is decreased the need to process new information that would distinguish people by individual traits. Sociologist Charles Hurst believes that â€Å"†¦stereotypes (are) the lack of personal, a concrete familiarity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. Lack of familiarity encourages the lumping together of unknown individuals (Hurst 6).† Whatever the theory, it’s clear that stereotypes present a problem for society as they inhibit integration and function in large part to maintain a social caste system where upward mobility faces resistance. One can just view the cases of the maquilas workers on the Mexico – Florida border and the gender stereotypes they endured when attempting to receive fair and equitable wages and positions. Stereotypes are in direct opposition to our right as human beings to the pursuit of happiness and personal betterment. Begin by writing in black marker on the poster board one of the stereotypes you identified the day before as particularly relevant. For example, ‘Women Should Be Mothers and Men Should Work.’ Ask the students what it means to be a woman and if they believe they should be allowed to hold careers. Write their responses down. Then ask the students what it means to be a man and then record the responses under a different column. At this point, you should circle the responses under the woman category and circle the responses under the man category. There should be some overlapping responses and you should draw a line or circle chart that illustrates these. The journal activity can be used to prompt the upcoming classroom discussion, but should also tacitly leads students to internalize the negative effects of stereotypes and the way they have been unconsciously influenced to accept them as facts.

Enviormental modern issue in Astrulia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enviormental modern issue in Astrulia - Essay Example In January, states that were affected include Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia, and Victoria. In February between 8th and 11th 2014, South Australia and Victoria State were under the siege of fire. Most of the Australian bushfires occur following lightning strikes that ignite fire, electricity, spot fires, and hot dry northerly winds, which is a risk factor for increased bushfires. The risk factor is that Australia is an arid continent and has been experiencing fires for millions of years (Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, 2010). In Victoria, Metropolitan Fire Brigade, Department of Environmental and Primary Industries and Country Fire Authority are involved in fighting bushfires.Non-governmental organization such as St John Ambulance Australia provides first aid and other services such as transport of victims to the hospital and trauma Centre’s (Conn, 2009). Owing to the nature of bushfires, there is no one responsible or at fault for the bushfired in Australi, unless where smokers cause bushfires whn they live a butning cigar. The above examples were caused by natural disasters thereby making no one at fault in the Austalian bushfires. In Australia, the long and short term economic consequences of bushfires have been loss of property and life. Billions of dollars are spent annually in trying to prevent and prepare for these disasters. The continent encounters much expenditure on disaster preparation. After a disaster, the economy is negatively affected due to the following reasons: disruption of business activities, loss of power supply to companies, and loss of water supply and communication breakdown. Secondary economic impacts that may result are loss of insurance and premiums, loss of confidence by the investors, and increase in costs due to the provision of welfare and medical

The importance of early formal education Essay Example for Free

The importance of early formal education Essay Early formal education refers to the education that children obtain during early stages of their childhood. Early childhood is a crucial time period for the development of the mental functions of children. This development, including the emergence of the abilities and skills in areas such as language, motor skills, psychosocial cognitive, and learning, is now known to be greatly influenced by exogenous factors, including the nature of the educational environment to which the child is exposed during the first eight years of life. The benefits of early childhood education have long been disputed. For many years it was believed that children who receive early formal education have an advantage over those who start school at age five or six. Today, some educators challenge that view. They speculate that intellectual and emotional harm can result from putting very young children into structured learning situations. It is hard to deny the opponents opinion that children have always grown up to be intelligent and reliable young adults without the benefits of early childhood education. However, in my opinion, I feel like children who receive early formal education will have advantages over those who start school at age five  or six because early formal education can provide a good foundation for real learning for young children, encourage the children to organize their thoughts, communicate and social with other people, and develop children’s cognition and know the importance of friendship. First, providing a good start for real learning for young children in the future is one of the reasons that I think children should attend early formal education before first grade. Children can attend early formal education, such as preschool or kindergarten before they begin elementary schools. All human beings learn to speak a language that they hear. The language children hear in their early years is the language they will reproduce, whether that would be English, Spanish, Nguyen 2 Swahili, Arabic, French, Vietnamese, or whatever. â€Å"In a country like ours, although English is the language spoken by the majority immigration has always brought us substantial groups who speak languages other than English. In addition, regional differences and educational levels present a variety of English-language dialects as models to children, so that there may or may not be homogeneity of language spoken in kindergarten classes in many parts of the country† (Cohen 58). Number of immigrants into the United States is increasing in recent years. Therefore, it is bringing different languages and affecting homogeneity of language in the preschool and kindergarten. Granting, however, that every language serves the purposes of its users, we must also concede that schools, the press, and the government in our country all use Standard English. There is therefore a unifying value in every citizens ability to relate to and to use Standard English, but not because it is better. Standard English is likely to be the first language for school for most children in the United States (Cohen 59). For instance, we are living in the United States, and of course we should know how to speak English. Also, children who grow up here should learn how to speak English fluently to get higher education and get a good job in the future. Especially, children who speak another language at home have to learn English as a second language. For example, my cousin, Nhung, was born in Vietnam. She had come to the U. S. when she was one year old. She spoke Vietnamese at home and did not speak English at all. Because Nhung’s parents did not know to speak English, they could not teach Nhung how to spell, read, or write in English. Finally, when she was four years old, her parents decided to let Nhung go to preschool. They wanted Nhung to have a foundation to begin with English in higher levels. From preschool, Nhung had learned a lot of things. After few months, she knew how to spell her own name, her parents’ name, read letters in ABC, or read a short story in a book. Her parents were surprised when their daughter could learn English fast in preschool like that. Day by day, Nhung has developed like other Nguyen 3 children in the United States. She had the foundation for English on time from preschool. Now,  she can speak English perfectly and fluently. As a result, I think that children who speak another language at home also benefit a great deal from early formal education, as they are the most prepared to learn English when they are very young before beginning elementary schools. Also, â€Å"educators often refer to the pre-reading and pre-math skills that a child will learn through play in preschool or kindergarten. These are the foundations on which a child will build competency in reading and math† (Borden 113). Children need abstract thinking in order to make the intellectual leap that words on a page represent ideas. â€Å"As a child learns to express herself/himself through art projects, telling stories, participating in dramatic play, she begins to understand that expressing ideas can be done in a variety of mediums, including the words on a page† (Borden 113). Many children enter preschool able to count to 10, 20, or even 100. However, â€Å"counting by rote is not the same thing as understanding that numerals are symbols for numbers. As a preschooler helping to prepare snack for his class puts out one napkin for each student, he begins to make the connection between the numbers he can rattle off and the concrete  numbers that correspond to napkins† (Borden 113). There is an educational component to the myriad of activities in the classroom. Day by day, the children are gaining knowledge each day while they are in the program with preschool or kindergarten. Children in early formal education can learn a lot of things before they go up for elementary schools. In fact, early formal education provide a good foundation in reading, writing, or pre-math for real learning for young children in the future. Next, an early formal education will encourage the children to organize their thoughts, communicate and social with other people. â€Å"As children grow and develop, they are more capable of independent, abstract, and complex thinking. How they approach the subject, what they learn, and how they can use the information will change as they grow older† (Borden 171). Nguyen 4 â€Å"Children learn most effectively when they interact with people and materials in an environment that is carefully organized to facilitate. Children develop foundation skills and concepts through play, learning, creative development, and relationships within their environment. Knowledge of child development enables teacher to integrate learning across a curriculum. A whole-child environment stresses the importance of the integration of knowledge through the continuity of experiences during a child’s early years† (Cromwell 121). There is an educational component in each part of the normal preschool day. Whether it is sharing news during circle time, building blocks, reading a short story, or doing easy math, children is learning new skills, refining, and developing others. â€Å"As children continue to gain knowledge through experience, they become increasingly interested in and motivated toward their surrounding world. The facts, the attitudes,  and the consistent presence of nurturing adults in their lives provide a baseline for a child’s development, identity, and social maturation† (Cromwell 107). When a child feels good about herself/himself and her/his accomplishments, she/he will gradually view learning as a lifelong process. â€Å"The time to cultivate a foundation for learning is in the early years of development when children are receptive and responsive to their relationships and experiences† (Cromwell 107). In fact, most of children who are growing up in the United States do not spend a lot of times with friends before they are going to school. They just stay home and play inside their houses. Actually, they do not communicate with a lot of people. However, children develop the most about their communication, social, and emotion at the age from three to six years old. Going to early formal education, children can develop their communication. They have time to play with their friends who can help them to grow their social maturation and gain knowledge. Children learn to speak in a small group. This can help children learn how to talk, listen, or communicate with other people. Also, they have studied new vocabularies or have told a short Nguyen 5 story to friends in a group. Children are becoming social, and they are interested in playing with other children, beginning to share and take turns to play with friends. â€Å"From ages three to five, children develop increased mastery of language and begin to think symbolically and logically. These developments allow them to observe, investigate, and engage with the physical and social environment in new ways. Preschool-age children’s development of gross and fine motor skills enables them to move confidently through space; manage finer, more complex task; and take more care of personal needs, such as going to toilet and getting dressed† (â€Å"The Preschool Child† 15). Also, one of the major tasks for children in preschool is learning to form independent relationships of trust with adults outside the family. Another importance during the early education is learning how to interact with other children and develop positive social relationship. â€Å"These aspects of normal development in the preschool years move children away from the egocentrism typical of infants and toddlers and toward perspective of others. Other important aspects of this development include the ability to cooperate, negotiate, and practice greater give and take in friendship† (â€Å"The Preschool Child†16). Children have learned a lot of important things in the early formal education. Actually, children would learn self-regulation of emotions and behaviors. This means they learn not to act on impulse, especially on aggressive impulse. In addition, children will learn how to express feelings in socially appropriate ways and develop satisfying social relationships with other children and adults. Children gradually learn how to negotiate social relationships, enter into play with others and take the perspective of others. Early childhood education provides children  a means in which to learn to share toys, to communicate thoughts and ideas, and to deal with their emotions. By playing and learning with other children in early formal education, children will learn how to deal with day to day situations. Nguyen 6 Moreover, early formal education can help children in developing children’s cognition and know the importance of friendship. During the preschool years, children will increase â€Å"the ability to represent real objects, people, and events mentally or symbolically. Through this stage, children can image a desired outcome and work toward it, can use drawings or dramatization to  represent to others what they know, and can begin to grasp that written words carry meaning† (Oser 9). â€Å"In combination with improved memory, more logical thinking and increased language skills, symbolic representation fuels overall development at this age (Wadsworth 1996)† (â€Å"The Preschool Child† 17). Attending early education, children can develop their cognitive abilities, such as â€Å"the ability to describe the conversation of matter (e. g. , ice melting to water), attempted explanations of cause and effect (e. g. , if a plant does not have water, it will die), and observations  and questions about natural phenomena (e. g. , noticing that there are different types of clouds, wondering why leaves are falling off trees)† (â€Å"The Preschool Child† 17). Children can understand more about things that happen around them. Therefore, their knowledge increases before they are actually in the formal education in elementary schools. â€Å"Preschool-age children’s cognitive development also results in the capacity to set aside one’s own perspective momentarily and to imagine the perspective of another person. This ability has profound effects on the social development of children because it enables them to  enter into the give and take required in cooperative activities and reciprocal friendships. Engagement in these relationships, in turn, stimulates further language and cognitive development, which then enriches social relationships and play† (â€Å"The Preschool child† 17). In addition, children will understand more about relationship with friends, the importance of friendships. â€Å"When children work together in small groups, there is spontaneous conversation exchange of ideas, acquaintance with one another’s interest and performance, and the experience of liking others and of being liked. Special friendships or lasting attachments may thus be Nguyen 7 formed† (Cohen 42). For example, Andy, just five years old, began kindergarten. â€Å"He spent twenty minutes in the class touching different materials on tables and floor, finding himself in the midst of playing, working children because he did not know anyone in class. To his surprise he noticed Bob, a neighborhood friend, in the class. Andy came and said â€Å"Hi†, and Bob responded. After that day, Andy got home and talked to his parents â€Å"You know what? I saw Bob in the class and I said hi and he said hi back to me† (Cohen 40). He repeated that several times with his  parents. â€Å"What made the strongest impression on Andy was to see Bob, whom he knew well, perfectly at ease there in the kindergarten—doing things, speaking to people, responding with a â€Å"hi† to him. Therefore, kindergarten is a place where children can speak to friends and do what they do. This concrete premise of being able to maintain or to create relationships was of first importance to Andy, as it is the same to many others† (Cohen 40). Having friends at schools to play with is also one of the reasons that children want to come to school. My cousin, Nhung, was four when she was in preschool. She did not want to go to school because she did not know how to speak English. However, after first day of school, she enjoyed and liked to go to school. She told us about her friends at school. Friendships helped her to love school. If children stay home until five years old to begin education, I feel that they might have a tough time to begin. While other children who had attended preschool and kindergarten will know lot of things, children who did not go to preschool will below that level. Day by day at the early formal education, children will learn more and more things. Children open mind about the friendship and increase  in developing children’s cognition as children continue to gain knowledge through experiences when they play with other children. It is easy to see that an early childhood education is essential for a child’s future. Early formal education will have advantages over those children who start school at age five or six because early formal education can provide a good foundation for real learning for young Nguyen 8 children, encourage the children to organize their thoughts, communicate and social with other people, and develop children’s cognition and know the importance of friendship. Day by day, the  children are gaining knowledge while they are in the program with preschool or kindergarten. In fact, early formal education provide a good foundation in reading, writing, or pre-math for real learning for young children in the future. Also, by playing and learning with other children in early childhood education, it provides children a means in which to learn to share toys, to communicate thoughts and ideas, and to deal with their emotions. In addition, children will become increasingly interested in and motivated toward their surrounding world because they are gaining more knowledge at early stage in preschool or kindergarten. Moreover, children open their minds in friendship while they are playing with each other day by day at school. However, parents who choose to place their child in education should be cautioned on a few things. Psychologists say that children should only attend part time. This is because it is important that the child spends time with the parents each day; which fosters security in the child. It is also important that the child does not become overwhelmed or too tired during a long day. Even a few days a week in early childhood education will provide a great deal of benefit to children.

Outcome of Vascular Complications After Arterial Punctures

Outcome of Vascular Complications After Arterial Punctures Introduction :- Arterial catheterizations are used routinely for continuous haemodynamic monitoring in the operating room and also in critically ill patients (1). It provides easy and appropriate access for several blood samplings and blood gas analysis (2) and has frequently been found to be a safe procedure, with a few severe complications (3,4). Percutaneous arterial cannulation is used widely in the clinical management of critically ill adults second in frequency to intravenous cannulation(5). Common sites of percutaneous needle puncture include the radial, femoral, brachial, dorsalispedis, or axillary artery. There is no evidence that any site is superior to the others. However, the radial artery is used most frequently due to its easy palpability, low complication rates, location and patients comfortability than the other sites. Patients undergoing radial or dorsalispedis artery puncture should have the collateral flow to those vessels evaluated prior to puncture, to avoid the risk of ischemic complications (6, 7). Each arterial catheterization site is associated with a unique set of potential complications. Radial artery insertion is associated with peripheral neuropathy, femoral artery insertion with retroperitoneal hematoma, axillary artery insertion with brachial plexopathy, and brachial artery insertion with injury to the median nerve(8). Although many sites share the same possible complications (eg, bleeding), the frequency of these complications varies among the different insertion sites. The most common complications associated with radial artery catheterization are occlusion (2 to 35 percent) and hematoma (up to 15 percent) (9). Permanent injury usually results from either complication. Frequent temporary occlusion of artery has been identified as one of the main complications of radial arterial cannulation(10, 11).Arterial complications have serious ischemic damage to the hand after radial artery cannulation which lead to necrosis and amputation of fingers or t he whole hand. (12). Femoral artery is the another commonest site of arterial cannulation in intensive care units (13). The femoral artery is usually preferred than the radial artery because the it is usually palpable even in hypotensive shock patients and is the only available route for haemodynamic monitoring(14). The incidence of related complications in the femoral artery is much lower than that in the radial artery and can be recognized easily because of the larger vessel diameter (15). Chances of sepsis is more in femoral artery cannulation because of the proximality of perianal region(16). The most common complication associated with femoral artery catheterization is hematoma (6%), which can be larger and difficult to detect if extends to the retroperitoneum(17). The third most dangerous site of arterial cannulation is axillary artery and it is preferred to be uncannulated because of its close proximity to carotid artery and may compromise cerebral circulation (18). Axillary artery cannulation is technically difficult, although pulsation and pressure are maintained even with peripheral vascular collapse where as femoral artery cannulation is less difficult, can be cannulated, even during profound hypotension (24). Arterial catheter infectionsof 10 -20% are complicated by local (eg, insertion site) infection, and 5 % by bacteremia or sepsis (11). It is generally known that arterial puncture related complications are common in ICU. The purpose of this prospective analysis was to evaluate the nature and outcome of vascular complications following arterial punctures in intensive care units of King Abdulaziz Medical City. Wendt M, Hachenberg Th, Lawin P, Vietor G. Electronic monitoring and data interpretation [in German]. In: Larwin P, Bruessel T, Prien T, editor.In Praxis der Intensivbehandlung. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 1993. pp. 155–186. Gauer PK, Downs JB. Complications of arterial catheterization. Respir Care. 1982;27:435–444. Hartung HJ. Monitoring [in German]. In: List WF, editor. In Komplikationen in der Anà ¤sthesie. Berlin: Springer; 1990. pp. 248–260. Gardner RM. Direct arterial pressure monitoring. Curr Anaesth Crit Care.1990;1:239–246. Durbin CG Jr. Radial arterial lines and sticks: what are the risks? Respir Care. 2001;46:229-230. Kohonen M, Teerenhovi O, Terho T, et al. Is the Allen test reliable enough? Eur J CardiothoracSurg 2007; 32:902. Jarvis MA, Jarvis CL, Jones PR, Spyt TJ. Reliability of Allens test in selection of patients for radial artery harvest. Ann ThoracSurg 2000; 70:1362. OMalley MK, Rhame FS, Cerra FB, McComb RC. Value of routine pressure monitoring system changes after 72 hours of continuous use. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1424. Russell JA, Joel M, Hudson RJ, et al. Prospective evaluation of radial and femoral artery catheterization sites in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 1983; 11:936. Wilkins RG: Radial artery cannulation and ischaemic damage: a review. Anaesthesia 1985, 40:896-899. Slogoff S, Keats AS, Arlund C: On the safety of radial artery cannulation. Anesthesiology 1983, 59:42-47. Bedford RF: Long-term radial artery cannulation: effects on subsequent vessel function. Crit Care Med 1978, 6:64-67. Frezza EE, Mezghebe H: Indications and complications of arterial catheter use in surgical or medical intensive care units: analysis of 4932 patients. Am Surg 1998, 64:127-131. Kaye W: Invasive monitoring techniques: arterial cannulation, bedside pulmonary artery catherization, and arterial puncture. Heart Lung 1983, 12:395-427. Riker AI, Gamelli RL: Vascular complications and femoral artery catheterization in burn patients. J Trauma 1996, 41:904-905. Thomas F, Burke JP, Parker J, Orme JF, Gardner RM, Clemmer TP, Hill GA, Macfarlane P:The risk of infection related to radial vs femoral sites for arterial catherization.Crit Care Med 1983, 11:807-812. Norwood SH, Cormier B, McMahon NG, et al. Prospective study of catheter-related infection during prolonged arterial catheterization. Crit Care Med 1988; 16:836. Czepizak CA, OCallaghan JM, Venus B, Gravenstein N: Vascular access. In In Clinical anesthesia practice.. Edited by Kirby RR, Gravenstein N. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1994::542-550. Johnstone R, Greenhow D. Catheterization of the dorsalis pedis artery. Anesthesiology 1973; 39:654–655 Bedford RF. Long-term radial artery cannulation: effects on subsequent vessel formation. Crit Care Med. 1978;6:64-67. Groell R, Schaffler GJ, Rienmueller R. The peripheral intravenous cannula: a cause of venous air embolism. Am J Med Sci 1997; 314:300 Soderstrom CA, Wasserman DH, Dunham MC, Caplan ES, Cowley RA. Superiority of the femoral artery for monitoring: a prospective study. Am J Surg. 1982:144:309-312 Russell JA, Joel M, Hudson RJ, Mangano DT, Schlobohm RM. Prospective evaluation of radial and femoral artery catheterization sites in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1983;11:936-939. Teresa R. Cousins, John M. O’Donnell, Arterial cannulation: A critical review 2004:267,271. Complications and risk factors of peripheral arterial catheters used for haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine Bernd Volker Scheer1, Azriel Perel2 and Ulrich J Pfeiffer3

Home Appliances Control Using RF

Home Appliances Control Using RF The project HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL USING RF is an alternate of the job done by human like switch on/off by hand. Here job of doing on/off can be done by from a distance by help of remote. The ckt. Consists of four parts. These are listed below:- Power supply of 5v and 9v:- it consist of ic 7805,7809 , two transformer, capacitors and diode. Microcontroller:- it consists of m/c AT89S52 , reset ckt. RF module:- It consists of ic HT-12D AND HT-12E relay part:- two ralays, two diode,two bulbs ref.(1) HISTORY In this rf based project our data to control home appliance is send from remote to control them, here user only have to press the switch of remote. In other words, one could remotely turn on light in ones lawn or the air conditioning at home, or turn on/off the light of room by help of remote sitting at one palace in home, The operation cost and power required is also less. METHODOLOGY In this project our signal is transmitted through air from RF transmitter to RF receiver, which decoded the signal received, now decoded signal is send by 4 line to microcontroller. Microcontroller do the work on received data according to programming, which will turn on/off the relays, then bulbs are also on/off. BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig.1 Ref(5) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig. 2 Ref(5) Fig. 3 Ref.(5) WORKING There are two power supplies one of 5v and second of 9v. Power supplies are made by bridge wave rectifier. For making 5v supply we use 4doide, one capacitor of 470 micro F, ic regulator 7805, similarly the second power supply. 5v supply is given to AT89S52 and 9V to operate the relay. Firstly the rf signal is generated by ic HT-12E and transmitted through air by help of rf transmitter module, the received data is now decoded by rf ic HT-12D and send to microcontroller to work on it. Some connections are made be ready the functioning of both ics. When signal is decoded by ic HT-12D it gives output by its pin no. 10 to 13. These output lines feed to m/c to pin no. 10 to 13 to make the m/c in action some connection are made as shown in fig of ckt.(Reset ckt. At pin no. 9, oscillator of value 11.0592 at pin no. 18 and 19 and power at pin no 40) Now, button of remote is pressed by user then m/c do low or high to the pin no p2.0 and p2.1 output line from m/c connected to TIP 122 base. These are high power transistor whose base is connected to to pin no p2.0 and p2.1 of m/c through resistance. If high power is given to TIP than it will be on due to which the relay make the connection between 3 and 4, and bulb be on. If low is at base of TIP then TIP will not work and connection of relay will be 3 and 4 due to which bulb be off. So we can do on/off the home appliance by help of remote. In our project one bulb be on by pressing button 1, second by help of 2, both will be on by button no. 3. And both will be offed by button no. 4. Ref.(6) APPLICATION By using home appliance control using rf we can control all the electrical devices of a home with the help of remote. We can on/off the devices by a distance. With the help of this concept we can make a robotic hand to handle the objects which a far away from us. With this we can also design car whose motion can be controlled by a remote. For a specific movement of car we will define a specific command for forward movement we will press button no. 1 for backward button no. 2 for left by help of button no. 3 and right by button by help of button no. 4 Other applications Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems Ref(5) PROBLEMS While controlling home appliances using RF we have to face some following problems:- We have used it to a particular range abt. of some meters not in range of kilometer or more distance. If m/c hanged we want to do on/off the switch then we are not confirmed abt. its on/off states. CONCLUSION This project is very useful for electricity saving purpose. Because we can do on/off the switch very quickly, otherwise due to laziness we avoid to on/off them. Project can easily be used by any one because to use this project one should not need to learn any special things and this project is very economical due to its simple circuit and by use of cheap components. COMPONENTS LIST Serial no. Component Specifications Quantity 1 Transformer 1amp,12v 1 2 Regulator7805 1 3 Regulator 1 4 Transformer 1amp,9v 1 5 TIP 122 2 6 Diodes IN 4001N 8 7 RELAY 2 8 MICROCONTROLLER AT 89S52 1 9 HT-12D 1 10 HT-12E 1 COMPONENT DETAILS MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:- Fig. 4 ref(3) The Intel AT89S52 is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (ÂÂ µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with AT89S52-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies, Maxim Integrated Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor), Winbond, ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intels official designation for the AT89S52 family of ÂÂ µCs is MCS 51. Intels original AT89S52 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name, e.g. 80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors this made them eminently more suitable for battery-powered devices Important features and applications:- It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in a single package 8-bit data bus It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller) 16-bit address bus It can access 216 memory locations 64 kB each of RAM and ROM On-chip RAM 128 bytes (Data Memory) On-chip ROM 4 kB (Program Memory) Four byte bi-directional input/output port UART (serial port) Two 16-bit timers Two-level interrupt priority Power saving mode A particularly useful feature of the AT89S52 core is the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on internal registers and RAM. This feature helped to cement the 8051s popularity in industrial control applications. Another valued feature is that it has four separate register sets, which can be used to greatly reduce interrupt latency compared to the more common method of storing interrupt context on a stack. The AT89S52UART an be configured to use a 9th data bit that can provide addressable communications in an RS-485 multi-point communications environment. AT89S52 based microcontrollers typically include one or two UARTs, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data RAM (16 bytes of which are bit addressable), up to 128 bytes of I/O, 512 bytes to 64 kB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM(ERAM) located in the external data space. The original AT89S52 core ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, with most instructions executing in one or two machine cycles. With a 12 MHz clock frequency, the AT89S52 could thus execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second or 500,000 two-cycle instructions per second. Enhanced 8051 cores are now commonly used which run at six, four, two, or even one clock per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 100 MHz, and are thus capable of an even greater number of instructions per second. All SILabs, some Dallas and a few Atmel devices have single cycle cores. Even higher speed single cycle 8051 cores, in the range 130 MHz to 150 MHz, are now available in internet downloadable form for use in programmable logic devices such as FPGAs, and at many hundreds of MHz in ASICs, for example the net list from www.e8051.com. Common features included in modern 8051 based microcontrollers include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROM program memory, boot loader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, IÂÂ ²C, SPI, and USB host interfaces, PWM generators, analog comparators, A/D and D/A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging facilities, more interrupt sources, and extra power saving modes. Ref(3) PIN DIAGRAM:- Fig. 5 ref(3) Pins 1-8: Port 1 Each of these pins can be configured as input or output. Pin 9: RS Logical one on this pin stops microcontrollers operating and erases the contents of most registers. By applying logical zero to this pin, the program starts execution from the beginning. In other words, a positive voltage pulse on this pin resets the microcontroller. Pins10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as universal input or output . Besides, all of them have alternative functions: Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous communication output. Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous communication clock output. Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 input Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input Pin 16: WR Signal for writing to external (additional) RAM Pin 17: RD Signal for reading from external RAM Pin 18, 19: X2, X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which determines operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of quartz crystal, the miniature ceramics resonators can be also used for frequency stabilization. Later versions of the microcontrollers operate at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz. Pin 20: GND Ground Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins are configured as universal inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used then the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. It is important to know that even memory with capacity of 64Kb is not used ( i.e. note all bits on port are used for memory addressing) the rest of bits are not available as inputs or outputs. Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then it has a logic-0 value every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory. Pin 30: ALE Prior to each reading from external memory, the microcontroller will set the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and immediately after that activates the output ALE. Upon receiving signal from the ALE pin, the external register (74HCT373 or 74HCT375 circuit is usually embedded ) memorizes the state of P0 and uses it as an address for memory chip. In the second part of the microcontrollers machine cycle, a signal on this pin stops being emitted and P0 is used now for data transmission (Data Bus). In this way, by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit, data multiplexing from the port is performed. This port at the same time used for data and address transmission. Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. That means that even there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed, the program written to external ROM will be used instead. Otherwise, by applying logic one to the EA pin, the microcontroller will use both memories, first internal and afterwards external (if it exists), up to end of address space. Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to port 2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as universal inputs or outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7) when the ALE pin is at high level (1) and as data output (Data Bus), when logic zero (0) is applied to the ALE pin. Pin 40: VCC Power supply +5V Ref(4) REGULATOR(7805):- 7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an input voltage of 7 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It typically has a current rating of 1 amp although both higher and lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also have a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot. It belongs to a family of three-terminal positive fixed regulators with similar specifications and differing fixed voltages from 8 to 15 volts. The last two digits represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators is designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems that provide both positive and negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series cant regulate negative voltages in such a system. The 7805 is one of the most common and well known of the 78xx series regulators, as its small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it useful for powering TTL. Fig.6 Ref(5) REFERENCES Search Enginewww.google.com. Data Sheets from www.alldatasheet.com Article on Password Based Security System on www.8051projectinfo.com Data Sheet of Microcontroller from www.atmel .com Article on Password based security system from Wikipedia. Text Book on 8051 Microcontroller (Mazidi) Text book on 8051 Microcontroller(Kenneth J. Ayala)

The Myth Of Perfection :: essays research papers

The Myth of Perfection Perfection is a much sought-after quality, yet is completely impossible to obtain. Because we do not have a clear definition of what perfection truly is, when a person attempts to become "perfect", they are usually transforming into what seems to be perfect to . In both "A Doll's House" and "The Metamorphosis", we see that human beings cannot achieve a state of total perfection. When Gregor Samsa, from "the Metamorphosis", attempts to be the perfect provider that his family expects him to be, he inadvertently turns his life into an insectoid existence. Likewise, when Nora from "A Doll's House" tries to live up to her husband's expectations of a perfect wife, she builds up enough self-hate to leave everything that she loves and start an entirely new life. Striving to be this ideal person, like attempting to acquire any other impossible goal, is damaging to the characters in both cases. The fortunes of these characters illustrate the harm in attempting to achieve these impossible objectives. As human beings, we have no conception of any absolute values, such as perfection and imperfection or hot and cold. We can only perceive changes or comparisons based on what we already know. Through experience, we can tell what is hotter or colder, but never actually tell what the absolutes are. This is a central aspect of what makes perfection impossible to achieve. What exactly is perfection? Seeing as we have no inherent knowledge of what is perfect or imperfect, these ideals are usually set by the expectations of others who are in positions of control over us. Therein lies one of the fundamental dangers in attempting to achieve perfection. When the aims and goals of our lives are governed by an outside force, we are transferring a great amount of power over ourselves to someone else who may not have the best intentions. Those who have power over us, in most circumstances, will use it to their own benefit. This is Gregor Samsa's main problem. He transfers control of his life over to his family, who hardly had the best intentions for Gregor's well-being. They merely wanted a way to get money and food to support themselves. With Gregor working, his father has an excuse to continue doing nothing, and allows the family to remain stagnant at the level that they are at. Directly and indirectly, his family enforces the view that a son should work to support his family and not himself. They did this by showing love and commending Gregor when he brought them food and money, showing him that this was their idea of The Myth Of Perfection :: essays research papers The Myth of Perfection Perfection is a much sought-after quality, yet is completely impossible to obtain. Because we do not have a clear definition of what perfection truly is, when a person attempts to become "perfect", they are usually transforming into what seems to be perfect to . In both "A Doll's House" and "The Metamorphosis", we see that human beings cannot achieve a state of total perfection. When Gregor Samsa, from "the Metamorphosis", attempts to be the perfect provider that his family expects him to be, he inadvertently turns his life into an insectoid existence. Likewise, when Nora from "A Doll's House" tries to live up to her husband's expectations of a perfect wife, she builds up enough self-hate to leave everything that she loves and start an entirely new life. Striving to be this ideal person, like attempting to acquire any other impossible goal, is damaging to the characters in both cases. The fortunes of these characters illustrate the harm in attempting to achieve these impossible objectives. As human beings, we have no conception of any absolute values, such as perfection and imperfection or hot and cold. We can only perceive changes or comparisons based on what we already know. Through experience, we can tell what is hotter or colder, but never actually tell what the absolutes are. This is a central aspect of what makes perfection impossible to achieve. What exactly is perfection? Seeing as we have no inherent knowledge of what is perfect or imperfect, these ideals are usually set by the expectations of others who are in positions of control over us. Therein lies one of the fundamental dangers in attempting to achieve perfection. When the aims and goals of our lives are governed by an outside force, we are transferring a great amount of power over ourselves to someone else who may not have the best intentions. Those who have power over us, in most circumstances, will use it to their own benefit. This is Gregor Samsa's main problem. He transfers control of his life over to his family, who hardly had the best intentions for Gregor's well-being. They merely wanted a way to get money and food to support themselves. With Gregor working, his father has an excuse to continue doing nothing, and allows the family to remain stagnant at the level that they are at. Directly and indirectly, his family enforces the view that a son should work to support his family and not himself. They did this by showing love and commending Gregor when he brought them food and money, showing him that this was their idea of