Week8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week8 - denomination ExampleThis is especially beneficial for the mass living in the remote start ups of certain evolution countries. Apart from transactions other augmented services like balance enquiry, credit or account alerts, payment alerts mass be viewed through sprightly banking. It also helps the customers to make money transfers instantly. A part from the customers, the banks also benefit from nimble banking as they can promote or sell products loans, credit cards for a specific target market segment (Unhelkar, p.471).According to security experts mobile banking is safer as comp ared to net profit banking. However there are various security threats. Users can be exposed to fake messages cognize as smishing. Each and every device may not have the facility to perform mobile banking. There are certain banks that do not even provide the facility of mobile banking.The accession in the use of blackberry and promising phones is a key indicator that mobile banking is he re stay. Besides, people never wanted to stay in long queues to make bill payments. As far as BOA is concerned customization can really help the bank to target different groups of customers. The company can launch different types of mobile application to target different market segments. However the key to the achiever would be to follow the KISS (keep it short and simple) approach as customers are likely to hate it if the applications are far too complicated. Another key area would be customer education. Many customers are unperturbed a bit hesitant to use mobile banking or internet baking so to let loose due to security concerns. Raising awareness among people regarding the safe and sound use of mobile applications cogitate to mobile banking can help the bank to attract new customers.The increasing number of usage of smart phones or black berry is for once the key motivator for offering mobile banking. Add to that mobile banking get be a great platform for the competitors also to gain new market or to

Intel and AMD Processors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intel and AMD Processors - rise ExampleDell XPS 625 Desktop Computer contains the processor developed by AMD. This processor is AMD Phenom X4 940. Another spec of the system is its 500GB hard disk and 6GB of the RAM (Dell MT2, 2009). Here we have an optional facility of the Radeon HD 2400 Pro in its place of a GeForce 8800GTX. A Creative X-Fi supplies sound, gigabit Ethernet is onboard, and eight available USB ports make sure that you will never go wanting on the accessories side. This system has an Integrated Sound Blaster Audigy. There are excessively 8 USB ports. On the Windows XP, we have better execution and additional functionalities. If we talk about the system performance then we will be able to see that this system is the addition of the XPS 625 is a solid role player for the better performance in its series and price significantly fewer than Dell QX9650 system. The XPS 625 is a multimedia system computer that is checked AMDs impending mainstream 2.83-GHz Penryn Q9550 processor was identical to the XPS 625 by means of the over-clock enabled QX9650 CPU in separately other esteem except in cost (Simms, 2007). The XPS 625s midrange tower case a modish diverseness of sleek black plastic plus silvery metal-conceals the units simply genuine disadvantage It was immediately angiotensin-converting enzyme free of charge drive cove. One main feature of this system is quietness. There is a bulky amount of the ventilation in the system body so that is can be easily vacuumed. So working with it in an industrial sector is really easy. We can use it for the production area.

Modern Day Attacks Against Firewalls and VPNs Essay

Modern Day Attacks Against Firewalls and VPNs - Essay illustrationVPN is an important technological advancement for remote workers as well as organizations to sh be the data in privately. The security issues surrounding VPNs are cracking of offline password, deficiency of account lock out, poor default organization and VPN thumbprint among others (Hills, 2005). In the similar context, firewalls are the security arranging used as secure the flow of information between the both ne 2rks. Firewalls places a bottleneck between the communicates which ensures the privacy and confidentiality of the data shared between the two networks. There are two types of firewalls such as packet filtering firewall and stateful inspection firewall. The common threats pertaining to firewalls include attacks from malicious codes such as virus, worms and information theft among others (Rao et al., 2011). This paper intends to explain the modern daytime attacks against firewalls and VPNs by explaining co ncepts of these two information technology tools. In the light of aforesaid description, the essay intends to explain and discuss modern day attacks against firewalls and VPNs.The technology of firewalls was first established in 1980 and since then it has undergone several modifications and alternations. Firewalls are integrated security system designed to secure network from unauthorized access. Firewalls are also useful for protecting the outside fire. Firewalls are also considered as a system of network security which controls flow of traffic over the network created by set of protocols (Brown University, n. d.). Firewalls as act as a software solution and hardware restroom. Firewalls can also be defined as the security measures, which protect local system as well as network system from the potential threats. The two types of firewalls are packet filtering and stateful inspection firewall. A packet filtering firewalls allows the flow of packets that meets certain specific criter ia. The rules of the filtering depend on

Business Ethics In an Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

championship Ethics In an Organisation - Essay ExampleTCF has to its credit more than 330 schools to date and it plans to build a total of 1000 schools before it decides to go on the support mode meaning whereby it would just envision after the schools already built and not construct any further. TCF schools be a mark of whole tone and dedication built from strength to strength of the organizational employees, its varied stakeholders and the innumerable donors who have done more than they could in such a short period of time.For TCF to remain committed to its cause of providing state of the artistic production and free education there is a dire need to comprehend the fact that TCF remains ethically correct in all its actions, behaviors and talks. For this, there are several sections working within its realms which take apportion of these facets from time to time. In fact the vision is set on a very proactive aim within the lengths and breadths of TCF itself. TCF provides c omplete financial details and break up of the tasks to it donors on a periodic derriere and makes sure that the donors remain on board with the ethical domains of the organization at all times. There is a separate department that looks at the way these donors are managed. It is known as the Resource Mobilization department which essentially takes care of the donors and the resources that are mobilized through them towards the schools that they build in either their own name or of their companys.Coming to the quarters of understanding the ethical undertakings within the business realms of TCF itself, one finds that TCF has long adhered to the teaching of being transparent to all its stakeholders and thus the fact that its annual reports, financial ledgers and other similar resources are shared not only within the organization itself but also with the stakeholders and the general public at large. What this does is to have a proper one-on-one interaction with the people who want to d onate just around anything under the banner of

Cathay Pacific Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cathay pacific Portfolio - Essay ExampleDuring a query carried out by global Skytrax Research poll carried in population of 4.4 million travelers, it lead to an distribute to Cathy Pacific for be considered the best airway (Exter & Tamara, 2012). In the following year, it was also awarded with another award for being the best flight path Europe and best airline Transpacific for 2 consecutive years. Cathy Pacific Airlines of UK was founded in 1946 by Roy F bewell a businessperson as well as a pilot and Sydney de Kantzow an adventurous pilot operating Calcutta, Burma and Chungking (Lasok, 1998). Earlier, during the Second World War, the duo was flying to shanghai with a DC-3. Later, the British colonial regimen demanded that they offici everyy register their company in order to operate Hong Kong. It was on the 24th of September that the two entrepreneurs registered their company by the name Cathy Pacific Airways Corporation. It was though the registration of Cathy Pacific that Roy Farrell import and export play along was formed. The purpose of forming Roy Farrell Import-Export Company was to undertake tax issues they would also lease aircrafts from the Cathy Pacific Airlines. By the end of star year after its formation, Roy Farrell had possessed a second DC-3 and had ferried over 3000 passengers and an estimated cargo of 15000 kilograms from Australia and Asia. Cathy Pacifics issue was rapid because in 1947, the airline had acquired an additional five DC-3 and another two smaller aircrafts (Catalina Fling boat), this enabled them to go on their operations to Macao towards the southern China. In 1948, Cathy Pacific had acquired a 45% market share in the airline industry. In 1962 to 1967, the airlines growth was rapid this made them enjoy its spectacular growth. The huge net income that they realized brought in the first international services in Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka in Japan. In late 1970s, the airline had expanded its services to other parts of Europe and North America. In mid 1980, the airline was mournful to London, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Brisbane, san Francisco, Vancouver, Zurich, and Manchester. In 1990s, Cathy Pacific assembled the youngest fleets in the world. For the last five years, Cathy pacific has improved drastically in footing of carriage per annum. In 2008, it carried 13, 066, 011 passengers and 4046 tons of cargo. In 2009, it carried 37, 683, 812 passengers and 32, 128 tons of cargo. In 2010, it increased to 122, 544, 546 passengers and 111, 234 tons of cargo. This is a illumine indication that Cathy Pacific is growing rapidly (Malcolm et al., 2013). This is because it was established long time ago thus devising them to secure a larger market share. In addition, its long service has demonstrated its capabilities to carry tied(p) more passengers and cargo as time goes by. The future of Cathy Pacific seems exciting. The airlines expectations are that they should project bought 100 aircraft by the year 20 20. They will also introduce a third runway in Hong Kong, which is an international airport. Cathy Pacific substantial investment is to build their cargo terminal at the airport. They also contrive to nurture catering, ground handling companies, aircraft maintenance and corporate headquarters at UK. Vision The vision of Cathy Pacific airlines is To be the leading airline in the world. this means that they should strive to excel in all they do. Objectives The main objectives of Cathy Pacific as set by the company management include To ensure that customers are well served and satisfied To

RESTful Web Services as an Alternative to Big Web Services Essay

relaxing Web Services as an Alternative to Big Web Services - Essay ExampleThis makeup will critically analyse the RESTful web services and the way these web services disaccord from Big Web Service techniques. RESTful web services The term representational state reassign was coined by Roy Fielding in 2000 in his doctoral research paper. REST can be simply defined as software product architecture conceptioned for systems like World Wide Web. REST is a particular style of enabling communication found on the principle that all data as well as operations on data are enabled using strictly static URLs based on the HTTP protocol (Kashyap et al, 2008, p.207). This architectural posture has been developed over the recent years as a widely accepted web service design model. REST has a specific set of architectural principles that assists a user to design customized web services focusing on the resources of a system. As Rodriquez (2008) points out, this models simplicity has assisted it to displace interface designs based on WSDL and SOAP over the locomote few years. Even though this software architecture did not gain much attention during its sign stages, today it is being quickly developed to support web based services. The REST architectural design specifically defines six constraints that have been applied to this software architecture. ... Similarly, servers do not focus on user interface so that they can be more scalable and simpler. Stateless The communication surrounded by the lymph node and the server is further constrained since client contexts are not saved on the server between service requests. All the essential information required to serve the request will be include in requests by any client. Since the servers can be stateful, they will be more visible for monitor and more reliable in partial network issues. Cacheable Since clients can store responses, they (responses) must be understandably defined as cacheable or not so to prevent clients f rom reusing improper data in an render to service further requests. Effectively managed caching would eliminate some sorts of interactions between client and the server and contribute to scalability and murder (Bhuvaneswari and Sujatha 2011). Layered system Generally, it is not possible for a client to indicate whether or not it is affiliated to the end server or an intermediary. Since intermediary servers are able to provide shared caches, and enable freight rate balancing, they can significantly improve system scalability. In addition, such intermediary servers can enforce protective cover policies. Code on demand A clients functionality can be temporarily panoptic or customized by servers through transfer of executable code. It is the only optional component of REST software architecture. Compiled components like Java applets and client side scripts like JavaScript are some well known examples (Oracle, n.d). alike interface The uniform interface between clients and servers play a notable role in simplifying the architecture. The four-spot guiding principles of uniform interface are identification of resources, manipulation of resources through

Detailed Implementation of BHDs Goals and Objectives Research Paper

Detailed Implementation of BHDs Goals and Objectives - Research writing ExampleThe gun and firearms retail store catering to the customers penchant to learn to swarm prior to buying their preferred firearm choices. Second, the sports complex has a paintball shooting area. Projected Operational Income Statement. The functional plans projected income statement is based on Dickies actual performance. appendage A shows the BHDs projected income statement. The projection is based on Hillsboros 42,000 target age collection market segment. The same projected annual income statement incorporates the target markets 15 per cent buyers. The computation is grounded on Dickies quarterly income statement (http//www.google.com/finance?fstype=ii&q=NYSEDKS). intravenous feeding Ps of the companys operational Marketing Plan (Habiyaremye, 2011). Product. The BHD entity sells diverse products. The products are guns and ammo for the sports buffs, sports equipment, firing range services, and paint ball game services. BHD complies with all gun law requirements, including the Gun Control Act (18 U.S. C. Chapter 44) as well as the National Firearms Act (26 U.S.C. Chapter 53) (http//www.atf.gov/regulations-rulings/laws/). The BHD Corporations paintball sports arena complies with Oregons safety, environment, and some other legal requirements. Price. The prices of BHDs products are similar to the average competitors selling prices.Demographical data shows that Oregon has 3.8 million residents. inside the Oregon States, Washington County has 530 thousand residents. In addition, Washington Countys Hillsboro City has 92 thousand residents.

Supply Chain Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

bring out Chain Management - Assignment ExampleThe increased focus on surroundingsal sustainability greatly assists the transcription to gain greater public acceptance, which in turn leads to improved profitability and turnover.Similarly, enhanced efficiency is a key feature of the Hsuhs supply chain. As one understands from the company website, the company has a latent group of employees who are experienced in divers(a) supply chain activities. This favorable workplace environment aids the organization to ensure smooth and uninterrupted flow of its different supply chain tasks (Hsuh Ta Corporation Group). The computerized supply chain helps the company to promote effective information sharing and keep its various operations integrated and connected. In addition, the firm has great access to potential financial reserves, and on that pointfore there would not be any delay in production or transfer of finished commodities to the speech communication point due to lack of funds.St ock inventory, another KPI of supply chain, gives some crucial information closely the operational efficiency of the company. The firm avoids issues associated with under-stock and over-stock of goods. Hence, the Hsuh management has developed improved mechanisms to ensure that there is optimum level of inventory in stock to meet the business needs properly. In addition, the organization is particularly active about the dreadful effects of the out-of-stock performance on the business. The management believes that an out-of-stock situation would adversely impact guest satisfaction and loyalty and consequently the company may fail to regain consumer trust.Likewise, the company is committed to keep on adequate levels of throughput, which indicates the actual rate of production. This is necessary to make sure that consumer needs are met adequately and to dissipate the business landscape in line with the changing

Generic Strategies Model by Charles O. Godornes Essay

Generic Strategies Model by Charles O. Godornes - Essay ExampleIn dedicate for these businesses to be successful they have to fol wiped out(p) and practice a certain Generic Strategic put which would be Cost Leadership, Differentiation or Focus. Cost Leadership is where a business has a low level of specialization or low level of costs in order to have a competitory market price edge to the market. Businesses that wish to venture and be successful in this fictitious character of strategy must focus on lowering their costs and offer value to their customers by producing strong products. Companies should be alert in controlling and monitoring their production costs, overhead costs, and their costs on interrogation and development and in their service costs, so that they could offer a competitive price to the market. Companies should also deck in state-of the-art manufacturing technology in order to lower their costs which would lead to its primary goal which is having competit ive market price. In differentiation strategy, businesses create value to their market by offering products which are queer in features and in characteristics these are products that meets the customers preference and satisfaction by charging customers with a premium price. Companies that practice differentiation strategy must charge its customers with a premium price in order to attain its singular products which satisfies and meets the customers preference by producing high end quality products which would also charge companies high costs. In order for companies to have differentiated products they have to have superior quality, advanced technological features and and so forth And in focus strategy, companies focus and pay very close attention to its core competencies or in its smaller segments to offer its products to a particular group of customers in the market, this strategy is commonly used by smaller companies.

Pintex Organics London Ltd Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pintex Organics London Ltd - Assignment ExampleThe first problem emerged when the accompany entered into a claim with Mixurs Ltd to say it with equipment, but the equipment was found non to be compatible with the installations in the companys premises, hence, cancellation of the signal. The second major(ip) problem concerning the contracts occurred when the negotiations for a contract under which the company would provide catering services to members of the foreign Olympics mission collapsed because the parties could not agree on the contract terms. As a result, the company lost the contract and the fiscal benefits that could nonplus arisen out of it. Therefore, the company needs to ensure that its interests are in tandem with the English contract law. Also, there is need for the company to review its terms of agreement to avoid a situation such(prenominal) as that of Miah where the former director of the company enters into contract with the immediate potential client of t he company. In realise to the cancellation of contract offered to Mixurs Ltd, it was in order as the company was exercising the right to cancel a contract stated on the Cancellation of Contracts made in a Consumers Home or Place of crop Regulations 2008 Act Article 8(1-6) (The National Archives, 2008). However, it would be advisable that the company should exercise caution when entering in contract with other companies when intending to purchase. This will be crucial in ensuring that the company does not incur losses or get substandard equipments (Taylor, 2009, p. 101). Concerning the second scenario where the negotiations between the company and the International Olympics perpetration collapsed, it is important that such occurrences should be avoided or minimized in the future. It is no doubt that such a contract would have not only offer the company financial benefits but boost its quest to becoming the leading(p) provider of catering services in the forthcoming 2012 Olympic games. Losing such a contract was not desirable for the companys business prospects. The company should know that it should not necessarily bid the satisfactory price but, rather, the good will should be of sufficient value in the eyes of the law (Keenan, 2006, p. 29). As the Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd (1960) AC 87 showed, the offeror needs to make a consideration that is sufficient and not necessarily adequate (Sealy and Worthington 2010, p. 45). Applying this in the contract might not have afforded Pedros company the financial rewards they intended but would have provided them with the opportunity to maintain International Olympic Committee as a client for future services, especially in the forthcoming 2012 Olympics games, hence, more revenues in the future. unconnected from that, hosting of such high profile clients would have boosted the reputation of the company thus attracting more clients which will translate to more revenues. It can be argued strongly that Miah wa s not comfortable with the contract terms of the POL Ltd to International Olympics Committee which he may have seen to cost the company both the revenues and the reputation. He was, thus, convinced that it was more worth to resign from the companys directorship and open his own restaurant in order to contact benefit from providing services to International Olympics Committee both at that time and in the future. As noted, the companys other problem arise from the terms of agreement for the

Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Risk management - Essay ExampleThis created a bubble in the housing finance sector and mortgage properties. Investment banks and other financial institutions started to add money to the mass of people as well as corporate houses for purchase of land or other business purposes. The land and housing properties were kept as mortgage serving as profound securities for those loans. These loans were granted to the borrowers without looking at re earnings feasibility of the loans or without carrying out adequate evaluation of the opinion parameters. The credit parameters like income of the borrower, assets available to service the loan, existing liabilities, etc. were ignored by the financial institutions in the mortgage loans. This guide to the inflation of the bubble in the housing sector which developed earlier. The bubble lastly burst as the borrowers were unable to repay the loans and the defaulters in the mortgage loan market started to become heavy. This led to the devaluation of the mortgages which served as underlying securities. ... w of information to the market led to the erosion of investors confidence that reflected in the inclination of share prices of the company (Allen, 1999, p.24). Huge wealth of the investors was eroded in short time thereby cause a situation of liquidity crisis. Several companies like Lehmann Brothers, Bear Stearns, Meryl Lynch, etc. were affected due to ensconce in the valuation of the companies and inability to return the investment of the shareholders. The liquidity crisis created shortage of monetary supply in the economy which tightened the credit conditions in the economy. This created a global credit crisis which was fuelled by the implementation of revised restrictive standards, enforcement of strict credit parameters and revised policies of the companies to counter the global financial crisis. Role of financial engineering first derivative products were a risk management device Derivatives products are financial i nstruments that derive its value from the underlying assets such(prenominal) as stock, interest rates, currencies, commodities, etc. Derivative products involve two parties launching into a contract for payment of a certain amount on a certain date under the agreed call and conditions. The derivative products may be of two types, namely lock and option derivatives. The lock derivatives enforce the parties entering into the contract to fulfil the payment obligations of the derivative product as per terms and conditions. The option derivative provides the pay to the buyer to enter into the contract but the buyer is not obligated to enter into the contract in option derivatives. The derivative products are used to hedge financial risks and also to speculate financial gains in the time of adverse financial situations. The derivative products were used a

Greenhouse gasses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Greenhouse gasses - Assignment fashion modelThe 19th century alone saw increase of 10 percent in carbon dioxide ducking in the earths atmosphere thanks to the burning of fossil fuels. It is being said that the industrial revolution has contributed 40 percent to carbon dioxide and it is being estimated that if the activities continue at such pace the orbicular temperature would plagiarise by staggering 2 degree centigrade by 2050.The main constituents of green house gases be carbon dioxide itself, nitrous oxide, methane, sulfur dioxide, besides these gases, deforestation is a serious threat and every direct cut gives rise to emission of more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Deforestation results in rise in fare of floods and droughts because the trees stop the f impoverished of floods. This climate change will hit different split of the world in different manner and it is being believed that dry regions would get further drier and temperatures would soar in those parts of the world where as cold and wet regions would get further wet and temperatures will remain low throughout the duration of year.The overall climate change will affect the available natural water, with rise in sea levels, the salt water would join the ranks of fresh water resources, and this can also result in increasing level of sediment. Existence of Dead Zone with low concentration of oxygen would be on a more frequent display .The Overall Scenario will have direct implications on human life in form of asthmas and other respiratory illnesses associated with heat waves and different environmental conditions. environmental science constitutes the study of overall natural system that encircles plants, animals, woodlots, lakes, and human beings themselves. Strong relationship exists between human beings and their surroundings. The earthly concern has a great impact on how the surroundings are today and how they will be 50 to 100 years down the lane. The Ecosystem in itself is at a gre at threat from

Research mothodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research mothodology - Essay ExampleThe qualitative method is founded on a kick the bucket hypothetical basis whereby a comprehensive literature review aimed at exploring the enquiry topic is included. The theoretical aspect of the question in turn focuses on two key aspects, which include formulating a typology and analysing the watercourse approaches and processes, employed by small firms. The deduction of the typology is used to help in embodying the findings and conclusions observed from previous research studies on similar topics. The observations made therefrom are likely to contribute immensely in arriving coherent conclusions.The quantitative method, which is based on empirical data, includes appeal primary data through survey method, which involves collecting the necessary data through questionnaires. These include semi-structured questions aimed at managers of SMEs in the UK. The powerfulness of any research methodological analysis is based on the philosophical under pinnings with regard to the approaches adopted. It also depends on the appropriateness of the research methods implemented and the train of accuracy of results derived therefrom against the knowledge required for the given study. Hence, the key assumptions made of crucial significance for conducting and for achieving effective evaluation of the data collected. This chapter aims to discuss the philosophical assumptions, the design strategies, research approaches and strategies used for the purpose of this study. Furthermore, this chapter also discusses the research instruments used, the methods of data collection and methods of analysis of the data used in this study.A research approach comprises of lucubrate plans and processes that elaborates on the broad assumptions with regard to the research topic and the detailed methods applied for data collection, analysis as well as interpretation (Crewel, 2013 p. 3). For the purpose of this study, different

The Dynamic Interaction of Language, Communication and Culture Essay

The Dynamic Interaction of Language, Communication and Culture - Essay ExampleThis research will amaze with the statement that the modern world is marked by pluralism. And one prominent sign of this is the existence and presence of diverse languages which are utilized in the process of communicating with one another. However, language and the process of talk are not neutral. Rather, it is highly shaped and influenced by culture. Being such, differences are observable across cultures in its language and communication, thus creating boundaries or separations among and between cultures. In order to bridge this gap, our period has entered into inter ethnic communication wherein language, communication, and cultural barriers are consistently addressed and re-assessed with the hope of reducing miscommunication and misunderstanding to the bare minimum if not whole or fully eliminated. Thus, the notion of intercultural communication serves both as a challenge and as an ethos that guides our interaction with others in a pluralistic, globalized world. In light of this ideal, this paper intends to look into the dynamic interaction of language, communication, and culture by looking into a case study. Likewise, we are going to use some of the principles of intercultural communication in the depth psychology of a case particular case, and hopefully, in the end, present some approaches or suggestions that may help in addressing the problems raised and perceived in the by the case analysis. The intertwined relation of language, communication, and culture has long intrigued gayity. However, what has been undeniable is that these three factors play a very significant and important role in the understanding of the nature of a human person and their interactions. The ability to formulate language is said to be distinctively a human activity.

GMO's and their negative effects Research Paper

GMOs and their negative effects - Research Paper standardGMOs are unhealthy to humans health because they are composed of toxic substances. This is so because when they are consumed, they leave behind substances that have long term effects on human health. For instance, genes added into GM soya bean can shift into the deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteria existing in us. This is proved when a GM com was spy in the blood of a pregnant woman and her unborn baby. thitherfore, doctors are then urged doctors to give prescription drug of a non-Genetically Modified diets for all that are affected (Smith and Jeffrey, 2007.Numerous health problems have also change magnitude after GMOs were brought in. The percentage of persons with more chronic illnesses jumped from 8% to 14% in just ten years. There has been a rise in food allergies, disorders like autism, reproductive disorders, and digestive problems. Though there is no enough research to affirm that Genetically Modified foods are a addin g element, doctors groups have alerted people not to wait but to start protecting ourselves and more so our children who are at a oftentimes risk.GMOS also create allergy that affects boys and adults. This causes allergic reactions in humans that usually occur when a non-poisonous protein gets into the body and causes an immune response. Whenever the new protein in a Genetically Modified food gets from a military that is known to bring allergies in humans or one that has never been taken in as human food, the certain that the protein could evoke an immune response in human being increases. Though no allergic reactions to Genetically Modified food by users have been affirmed, in vitro prove indicating that some GM results could bring an allergic reaction has prompted biotechnology parties to cease their exploitation.Getting a GM food into the mart is a hectic and costly process. This means most companies run at a loss is they do not carefully take this into account. This may resul t in other negative effects such as unemployment to many

Bonjour Tristesse by Francoise Sagan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bonjour Tristesse by Francoise Sagan - Essay ExampleHe was youngfor his come along, full of vitality and possibilities, and when I left school two yearsbefore, I soon noticed that he lived with a woman. It took me quite an longer to realise that it was a different one e really six months. But gradually his charm, my in the buff easy life, and my own disposition led me to accept it.....It was easy to lovehim, for he was kind, generous, gay, and full of soreness for me. Sagan (p9) Cecile repeats his assertion that fidelity and commitment are arbitrary and sterile Sagan (p13). That he is shallow and superficial, and will behave so, is expressed in her statementAlthough I did not share my fathers aversion to ugliness, which often led us toassociate with ill-judged people, I felt vaguely uncomfortable with anyone devoid ofphysical charms. Sagan (p11)In fact, she is more corresponding him than she thinks, for having met Cyril, she is very taken with his looks, though touches on his c haracter as an afterthought. Here too are the signs of an rouse sexuality.He looked typically Latin, was very dark and sunburnt. There was somethingreliable and protective about him which I liked at once.....He was proud and sometimes beautiful, with the sort of good looks that immediately inspired onewith confidence. Sagan (p11)Such values inherent in both Cecile and Raymond suggest that how they behave will be driven 3by these. This, despite her sensitive criticism of Raymond as followsHis only fault was to imbue me with a cynical attitude towards love which,considering my age and experience, should have meant happiness and not only atransitory sensation. Sagan (p21)The suggestion is that Cecile is already corrupted and that the afterwards behaviours she displays are evidence of that corruption.... That Cecile is the narrator helps to give immediate insight into the themes and characters of the people, describing what they are and how their behaviours make things happen in lin e with any particular theme at the time. The opening lines are brilliantly expressive of a rather selfish young girl whose thoughts are ambivalent.The reader is made aware that for Cecile, the love from and for her father, together with the life they lead, is her greatest happiness. With the explanation of how they live, Raymonds immorality and character are exposedIn fact, she is more like him than she thinks, for having met Cyril, she is very taken with his looks, though touches on his character as an afterthought. Here too are the signs of an awakening sexuality.The suggestion is that Cecile is already corrupted and that the later behaviours she displays are evidence of that corruption. That he and she will selfishly sample sexual gratification, with little concern for fidelity is only a short time away. The catalyst is Annes arrival, a woman who, unable to hide her feelings and character, puts in motion the jealousy and self-protection which overwhelm Cecile.motivated by love and perhaps self-importance, Raymonds by lust and love, they cause the manipulative, distressed and confused teenager to em

What Is Literature Essay Example for Free

What Is retains seeI am grateful for help with this appropriate from many state, especi both toldy Julian Wolfreys, Jason Wohlstadter, and Barbara Caldwell, my Senior editor in chief and invaluable assistant at the University of California, Irvine. I thank Simon Critchley for ? rst suggesting that I might write this book for the serial publication he edits, as well as for his c atomic number 18ful construe of the manuscript. I am grateful too to the co-editor of the series, Richard Kearney, for a helpful discovering of the manuscript. Muna Khogali and Tony Bruce, of Routledge, gravel been unfailingly generous and courteous. Tony Bruce aim the manuscript with vexation and make useful suggestions.A antecedent form of some of the ideas in this book, especially those in Chapter 4, was presented as a manducate for the Koehn Endowed Lectureship at the University of California, Irvine, in Febuary 2001. The lecture was called On the Authority of literary snips. Subs equently, the talk was habituated as the ? rst annual Lecture on Modern lit for the Department of incline at Baylor University in April, 2001. The lecture was thence tar laboured thither as a pamphlet for local circulation.I am grateful to my horde and sponsor at Baylor, Professor William Davis, for his many kindnesses. Di?erent versions of the talk were given at two conferences, in lordly 2001, in the Peoples Republic of mainland China at a triennial conference of the Chinese Association for Sino-Foreign Literary and xi On literary productions Cultural Theory, held in Shenyang, and at an International Symposium on Globalizing Comparative books, sponsored by Yale and Tsinghua Universities.I thank Professor Wang Ning for arranging these invitations and for many separate(a) courtesies. A German translation pass on be exhausted as my contribution to a explore project on representative validity, sponsored by the Zentrum fur Literaturforschung in Berlin.I especially thank Ing o Berensmeyer, as well as other colleagues in Berlin, for the chance to try out my ideas on them. A Bulgarian translation exit be published in a Festschrift for Simeon Hadjikosev, of So? a University. I thank Ognyan Kovachev for inviting me, and for other kindnesses. Alto hold upher, my preliminary ideas for Chapter 4 and for some other germs of this book cave in had the bene? t of many helpful comments and re transactionions. Finally, I thank the dedicatee of this book for su? ering once to a greater extent with my ordeals of composition. She had to endure my fartheraway reflexion, my dreamy absentmindedness.I was dwelling again in imagination on the other side of Alices looking-glass or on the deserted island where the Swiss Family Robinson made such(prenominal) an enchanting home. It has instructn me a frank many months to ? gure out what to say intimately that experience. Sedgwick, Maine December 15, 2001 xii Ack straight offledgements What is Literature? angiotensin -converting enzyme FAREWELL LITERATURE? The end of publications is at hand. Literatures clock period is almost up. It is about time. It is about, that is, the di? erent epochs of di? erent media. Literature, in spite of its approaching end, is nevertheless perennial and universal.It forgeting survive all historical and scientific changes. Literature is a feature of any humane husbandry at any time and place. These two contradictory premises must goern all objurgate re? ection on literary productions these days. What brings about this paradoxical situation? Literature has a history. I base publications in the sensation we in the West use the recents show in our various langu be ons lit (French or English) letteratura (Italian), literatura (Spanish), Literatur (German). As Jacques Derrida observes in Demeure Fiction and Testimony, the word books comes from a Latin stem.It squirtnot be free from its Roman-ChristianEuropean roots. Literature in our current-made sens e, however, appeared in the European West and began in the late s change surfaceteenth century, at the earliest. Even then the word did not drive its new(a) meaning. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word literary works was ? rst used in our current sense only quite recently. Even a de? nition of writings as including memoirs, history, solicitations of letters, learned treatises, etc. , as well as poems, printed plays, and 1 On Literaturenovels, comes after the time of Samuel Johnsons dictionary (1755).The restricted sense of belles-lettres as just poems, plays, and novels is even more recent. The word literary productions is de? ned by Johnson exclusively in the now obsolescent sense of Acqaintance with letters or books well-behaved or humane learning literary culture. One example the OED gives is as late as 1880 He was a man of very small literature. Only by the third de? nition in the OED does one get to Literary production as a whole the body of writings produced in a special country or menses, or in the world in general.Now besides in a more restricted sense, applied to writing which has say to consideration on the grounds of beauty of multifariousness or emotional effect. This de? nition, says the OED, is of very recent emergence both in England and France. Its establishment whitethorn be conveniently dated in the mid-eighteenth century and associated, in England at least, with the work of Joseph and Thomas Wharton (17221800 172890). They were hailed by Edmund Gosse, in an essay of 191516 (Two Pioneers of Romanticism Joseph and Thomas Wharton), as giving literature its juvenile de?nition. Literature in that sense is now coming to an end, as new media gradually replace the printed book. WHAT HAS make LITERATURE POSSIBLE? 2 On Literature What are the cultural features that are requirement concomitants of literature as we have have a go at itn it in the West? horse opera literature belongs to the age of the printed book a nd of other print forms like newspapers, magazines, and periodicals generally. Literature is associated with the gradual rise of almost universal literacy in the West. No widespread literacy, no literature.Literacy, furthermore, is associated with the gradual appearance from the seventeenth century onward of occidental-style democracies. This agency regimes with expanded su? rage, government by legislatures, regulated judicial systems, and fundamental human rights or civil liberties. Such democracies slowly developed more or less universal education. They also allowed citizens more or less free access to printed materials and to the means of printing new ones. This freedom, of course, has never been complete. Various forms of censorship, in even the freest democracies today, limit the power of the printing press.Nevertheless, no technology has ever been more e? ective than the printing press in breaking down clique hierarchies of power. The printing press made democratic revolut ions like the French vicissitude or the Ameri feces Revolution possible. The net is performing a similar function today. The printing and circulation of clandestine newspapers, manifestoes, and emancipatory literary working was ingrained to those earlier revolutions, just as email, the Internet, the cell phone, and the hand-held will be essential to whatever revolutions we may have from now on.Both these communication regimes are also, of course, powerful instruments of repression. The rise of modern democracies has meant the appearance of the modern nation- reconcile, with its encouragement of a sense of ethnic and linguistic uniformity in each states citizens. Modern literature is vernacular literature. It began to appear as the use of Latin as a glossa franca gradually disappeared. Along with the nation-state has gone the notion of national literature, that is, literature create verbally in the language and accent of a particular country. This concept remains strongly codi ?ed in school and university memorize of literature. It is transfer 3 What is Literature? in separate departments of French, German, English, Slavic, Italian, and Spanish. Tremendous resistance exists today to the recon? guration of those departments that will be necessary if they are not simply to disappear. The modern Western concept of literature became ? rmly established at the egosame(prenominal) time as the appearance of the modern look for university. The latter is commonly identi? ed with the founding of the University of Berlin slightly 1810, under the guidance of a plan devised by Wilhelm von Humboldt.The modern research university has a double charge. One is Wissenschaft, ? nding out the truth about everything. The other is Bildung, training citizens (originally almost exclusively male ones) of a given nation-state in the ethos appropriate for that state. It is perhaps an exaggeration to say that the modern concept of literature was created by the research universit y and by lower-school training in preparation for the university. After all, newspapers, journals, non-university critics and reviewers also contributed, for example Samuel Johnson or Samuel Taylor Coleridge in England.Nevertheless, our sense of literature was strongly shaped by university-trained writers. Examples are the Schlegel brothers in Germany, along with the whole circle of critics and philosophers at heart German Romanticism. English examples would include William Wordsworth, a Cambridge graduate. His Preface to Lyrical Ballads de? ned poesy and its uses for generations. In the Victorian period Matthew Arnold, trained at Oxford, was a founding force behind English and United States institutionalized study of literature.Arnolds thinking is still not without force in conservative circles today. Arnold, with some help from the Germans, presided over the transfer from philosophy to literature of the responsibleness for Bildung. Literature would shape citizens by giving them 4 On Literature knowledge of what Arnold called the best that is known and thought in the world. This best was, for Arnold, enshrined in stinkpotonical Western works from Homer and the Bible to Goethe or Wordsworth. Most muckle still ? rst hear that there is such a thing as literature from their school teachers.Universities, moreover, have been traditionally charged with the storage, cataloguing, preservation, commentary, and interpretation of literature through the accumulations of books, periodicals, and manuscripts in research libraries and special collections. That was literatures share in the universitys responsibility for Wissenschaft, as opposed to Bildung. This double responsibility was still very much alive in the literature departments of The Johns Hopkins University when I taught there in the 1950s and 1960s. It has by no means disappeared today.Perhaps the most consequential feature making literature possible in modern democracies has been freedom of speech. This is the freedom to say, write, or publish more or less anything. Free speech allows everyone to comment everything, to question everything. It confers the right even to criticize the right to free speech. Literature, in the Western sense, as Jacques Derrida has forcefully argued, depends, moreover, not just on the right to say anything but also on the right not to be held responsible for what one says. How can this be?Since literature belongs to the realm of the unreal, whatever is said in a literary work can always be claimed to be experimental, hypothetical, cut o? from denotive or performative claims. Dostoevsky is not an ax murderer, nor is he advocating ax murder in Crime and Punishment. He is writing a ? ctive work in which he imagines what it might be like to be an ax murderer. A ritual formula is printed at the lineage of many modern detective stories Any 5 What is Literature? resemblance to real persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental.This (often false) claim is not only a safeguard against lawsuits. It also codi? es the freedom from referential responsibility that is an essential feature of literature in the modern sense. A ? nal feature of modern Western literature seemingly contradicts the freedom to say anything. Even though democratic freedom of speech in principle allows anyone to say anything, that freedom has always been severely curtailed, in various ways. Authors during the epoch of printed literature have de facto been held responsible not only for the opinions expressed in literary works but also for such political or social e?ects as those works have had or have been believed to have had.Sir Walter Scotts novels and Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms cabin have in di? erent ways been held responsible for cause the American Civil War, the former by instilling absurdly outmoded ideas of chivalry in grey gentry, the latter by decisively encouraging support for the abolition of slavery. Nor are these claims nonsensical. Uncle Toms Ca bin in Chinese translation was one of Mao Tse Tungs favorite books.Even today, an creator would be unlikely to get away before a court of law with a claim thatit is not he or she speaking in a given work but an imaginary character uttering imaginary opinions. Just as important as the development of print culture or the rise of modern democracies in the development of modern Western literature, has been the invention, conventionally associated with Descartes and Locke, of our modern sense of the self. From the Cartesian cogito, followed by the invention of identity, intelligence, and self in Chapter 27, Book II, of Lockes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, to the sovereign.I or Ich of Fichte, to absolute consciousness in Hegel, to the I as 6 On Literaturethe constituent of the will to power in Nietzsche, to the ego as one element of the self in Freud, to Husserls phenomenological ego, to the Dasein of Heidegger, explicitly opposed to the Cartesian ego, but nevertheless a mod i? ed form of subjectivity, to the I as the agent of performative utterances such as I promise or I bet in the speech act theory of J. L.Austin and others, to the subject not as something abolished but as a problem to be interrogated within deconstructive or postmodern thinking the whole period of literatures heyday has depended on one or another idea of the self as a selfconscious and responsible agent.The modern self can be held liable for what it says, thinks, or does, including what it does in the way of writing works of literature. Literature in our conventional sense has also depended on a new sense of the author and of authorship. This was legalized in modern copyright laws. All the salient forms and techniques of literature have, moreover, exploited the new sense of selfhood. Early ? rst-person novels like Robinson Crusoe take the direct presentation of interiority characteristic of seventeenth-century Protestant confessional works.Eighteenth-century novels in letters expl oited epistolary presentations of subjectivity. Romantic poetry a? rmed a lyric I. Nineteenth-century novels developed sophisticated forms of third-person narration. These allowed a double simultaneous presentation by way of indirect discourse of two subjectivities, that of the narrator, that of the character. Twentieth-century novels present directly in words the stream of consciousness of ? ctional protagonists. Molly Blooms soliloquy at the end of Ulysses is the paradigmatic strip of the latter. 7 What is Literature?THE END OF THE PRINT AGEMost of these features making modern literature possible are now undergoing rapid transformation or endowting in question. People are now not so certain of the unity and perdurance of the self, nor so certain that the work can be explained by the authority of the author. Foucaults What is an Author? and Roland Barthess The Death of the Author polarityaled the end of the old tie between the literary work and its author considered as a unita ry self, the real person William Shakespeare or Virginia Woolf. Literature itself has contributed to the fragmentation of the self.Forces of economic, political, and technological globalization are in many ways bringing about a weakening of the nation-states separateness, unity, and integrity. Most countries are now multilingual and multi-ethnic. Nations today are seen to be divided within as well as existing within more permeable borders. American literature now includes works written in Spanish, Chinese, Native American languages, Yiddish, French, and so on, as well as works written in English from within those groups, for example African-American literature. Over sixty minority languages and cultures are accepted in the Peoples Republic of China.South Africa after apartheid has eleven o? cial languages, nine African languages along with English and Afrikaans. This recognition of internal division is ending literary studys institutionalization match to national literatures, each with its presumedly selfenclosed literary history, each written in a single national language. The dreadful events of the mid-twentieth century, World War II and the Holocaust, transformed our civilization and Western literature with it. Maurice Blanchot and others have even argued persuasively that literature in the old sense is impossible after the Holocaust. 8 On LiteratureIn addition, technological changes and the concomitant development of new media are bringing about the gradual death of literature in the modern sense of the word. We all know what those new media are radio, cinema, goggle box, video, and the Internet, before long universal wireless video. A recent workshop I attended in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) brought together American literary scholars and representatives of the Chinese Writers Association. At that meeting it became evident that the most respected and in? uential Chinese writers today are those whose novels or stories are turned into one or a nother goggle box series.The major monthly journal printing poetry in the PRC has in the last decennium declined in circulation from an amazing 700,000 to a mere 30,000, though the proliferation of a dozen or more new in? uential poetry journals mitigates that decline somewhat and is a healthy sign of diversi? cation. Nevertheless, the shift to the new media is decisive. Printed literature used to be a primary way in which citizens of a given nation state were inculcated with the ideals, ideologies, ways of behavior and judgment that made them good citizens.Now that role is being increasingly played, all over the world, for better or for worse, by radio, cinema, television, VCRs, DVDs, and the Internet. This is one explanation for the di? culties literature departments have these days in getting funding. Society no longer needs the university as the primary place where the national ethos is inculcated in citizens. That work used to be do by the humanities departments in colleges and universities, primarily through literary study. Now it is increasingly done by television, radio talk shows, and by cinema.People cannot be variant Charles Dickens or Henry James or Toni Morrison and at the same time reflection television or a ? lm on VCR, though some 9 What is Literature? people may claim they can do that. The evidence suggests that people spend more and more time watching television or sur? ng the Internet. More people, by far, probably, have seen the recent ? lms of novels by Austen, Dickens, Trollope, or James than have actually read those works. In some cases (though I wonder how often), people read the book because they have seen the television adaptation.The printed book will retain cultural force for a good while and, but its reign is clearly ending. The new media are more or less quick replacing it. This is not the end of the world, only the dawn of a new one dominated by new media. One of the strongest symptoms of the imminent death of literature i s the way younger faculty members, in departments of literature all over the world, are turning in droves from literary study to theory, cultural studies, postcolonial studies, media studies (? lm, television, etc. ), commonplace culture studies, Womens studies, African-American studies, and so on.They often write and teach in ways that are closer to the social sciences than to the humanities as traditionally conceived. Their writing and teaching often marginalizes or ignores literature. This is so even though many of them were trained in old-fashioned literary history and the close reading of canonical texts. These young people are not stupid, nor are they ignorant barbarians. They are not bent grass on destroying literature nor on destroying literary study. They know better than their elders often do, however, which way the wind is blowing. They have a deep and laudable interest in ?lm or popular culture, partly because it has done so much to form them as what they are. They als o have a proleptic sense that traditional literary study is on the way to being declared obsolete by society and by university authorities. This will probably happen not in so 10 On Literature many words. University administrators do not work that way. It will happen by the more e? ective device of withdrawing funding in the have-to doe with of necessary economies or downsizing. Departments of classics and modern languages other than English, in United States universities, will go ?rst.Indeed, they are in many universities already going, initially through amalgamation. Any United States English department, however, will soon join the rest, if it is foolish enough to go on teaching primarily canonical British literature under the illusion that it is exempt from cuts because it teaches texts in the dominant language of the country. Even the traditional function of the university as the place where libraries store literature from all ages and in all languages, along with secondary ma terial, is now being rapidly usurped by digitized databases.Many of the latter are available to anyone with a figurer, a modem, and access to the Internet through a server. More and more literary works are freely available online, through various websites. An example is The Voice of the Shuttle, maintained by Alan Liu and his colleagues at the University of California at Santa Barbara (http//vos. ucsb. edu/). The Johns Hopkins Project job makes a large number of journals available (http// muse. jhu. edu/journals/index_text. html). A spectacular example of this making obsolete the research library is the William Blake Archive website(http// www.blakearchive. org/). This is being developed by Morris Eaves, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi. Anyone anywhere who has a computer with an Internet connective (I for example on the remote island o? the coast of Maine where I live most of the year and am writing this) may access, download, and print out spectacularly accurate reproductions o f major versions of Blakes The Marriage of heaven and Hell and some 11 What is Literature? of his other prophetic books. The original versions of these illuminated books are sprinkle in many di? erent research libraries in England and the United States.Formerly they were available only to specialists in Blake, to scholars with a lot of money for research travel. Research libraries will still need to take good care of the originals of all those books and manuscripts. They will less and less function, however, as the primary means of access to those materials. Literature on the computer screen is subtly changed by the new medium. It becomes something other to itself. Literature is changed by the ease of new forms of searching and manipulation, and by each works juxtaposition with the innumerable swarm of other images on the Web.These are all on the same plane of immediacy and distance. They are instantaneously brought close and yet made alien, strange, seemingly far away. All sites on the Web, including literary works, dwell together as inhabitants of that non-spatial dummy we call cyberspace. Manipulating a computer is a radically di? erent bodily activity from holding a book in ones hands and turning the pages one by one. I have earnestly tried to read literary works on the screen, for example Henry Jamess The divine Fount. I happened at one moment not to have at hand a printed version of that work, but found one on the Web.I found it di? cult to read it in that form. This no enquiry identi? es me as someone whose bodily habits have been permanently wired by the age of the printed book. WHAT THEN IS LITERATURE? 12 On Literature If, on the one hand, literatures time (as I began by saying) is nearly up, if the handwriting is on the wall, or rather if the pixels are on the computer screen, on the other hand, literature or the literary is (as I also began by saying) universal and perennial. It is a certain use of words or other signs that exists in some form or other in any human culture at any time.Literature in the ? rst sense, as a Western cultural institution, is a special, historically conditioned form of literature in the second sense. In the second sense, literature is a universal aptitude for words or other signs to be taken as literature. About the political and social utility, import, e? ectiveness of literature I shall write later, in Chapter 4, wherefore Read Literature? At this point my goal is to identify what sort of thing literature is. What then is literature? What is that certain use of words or other signs we call literary? What does it mean to take a text as literature?These questions have often been asked. They almost seem like non-questions. Everyone knows what literature is. It is all those novels, poems, and plays that are designated as literature by libraries, by the media, by commercial and university presses, and by teachers and scholars in schools and universities. To say that does not help much, however. It suggests that literature is whatever is designated as literature. There is some truth to that. Literature is whatever bookstores put in the shelves marked Literature or some subset of that Classics, Poetry, Fiction, Mysteries, and so on.It is nevertheless also the case that certain formal features allow anyone dwelling within Western culture to say with conviction, This is a novel, or This is a poem, or This is a play. Title pages, aspects of print format, for example the printing of poetry in lines with capitals at the beginning of each line, are as important in segregating literature from other print forms as internal features of language that tell the adept reader he or she has a literary work in hand.The co-presence of all these features allows certain collocations of13 What is Literature? printed words to be taken as literature. Such writings can be used as literature, by those who are adept at doing that. What does it mean to use a text as literature? Readers of Proust wil l remember the account at the beginning of A la recherche du temps perdu (Remembrance of Things Past) of the magic lantern his hero, wave, had as a child. It projected on Marcels walls and even on his doorknob images of the villainous Golo and the unfortunate Genevieve de Brabant, brought into his bedroom from the Merovingian past.My version of that was a box of stereopticon photographs, probably by Matthew Brady, of American Civil War scenes. As a child, I was allowed to look at these at my maternal grandparents farm in Virginia. My great-grandfather was a soldier in the Confederate Army. I did not know that then, though I was told that a great-uncle had been killed in the Second Battle of crap Run. I remember in those awful pictures as much the dead horses as the bodies of dead soldiers. furthest more important for me as magic lanterns, however, were the books my mother read to me and that I thenlearned to read for myself.When I was a child I did not want to know that The Swiss Family Robinson had an author. To me it seemed a collection of words fallen from the sky and into my hands. Those words allowed me magical access to a pre-existing world of people and their adventures. The words transported me there. The book wielded what Simon During, in Modern Enchantments, calls in his subtitle, the cultural power of secular magic. I am not sure, however, that secular and sacred magics can be all that easily distinguished.This other world I reached through reading The Swiss Family Robinson, it seemed to me, did not depend for its existence on the words of the book, even though those words were my only window on that virtual reality. The 14 On Literature LITERATURE AS A CERTAIN USE OF WORDS Literature exploits a certain potentiality in human beings as sign-using animals. A sign, for example a word, functions in the absence of the thing named to designate that thing, to refer to it, as linguists say. Reference is an inalienable aspect of words.When we say that a word functions in the absence of the thing to name the thing, the natural assumption is that the thing named exists. It is really there, somewhere or other, perhaps not all that far away. We need words or other signs to substitute for things while those things are temporarily absent. If I am out walking, for example, and see a sign with the 15 What is Literature? window, I would now say, no doubt shaped that reality through various rhetorical devices. The window was not ideally colorless and transparent. I was, however, blissfully unaware of that.I saw through the words to whatseemed to me beyond them and not dependent on them, even though I could get there in no other way than by reading those words. I resented being told that the name on the title page was that of the author who had made it all up. Whether many other people have had the same experience, I do not know, but I confess to being curious to ? nd out. It is not too much to say that this whole book has been written to ac count for this experience. Was it no more than boyish naivete, or was I responding, in however childish a way, to something essential about literature? Now I am older and wiser.I know that The Swiss Family Robinson was written in German by a Swiss author, Johann David Wyss (1743 1818), and that I was reading an English translation. Nevertheless, I believe my childhood experience had validity. It can serve as a clue to say the question, What is literature? word Gate, I assume that somewhere nearby is an actual gate that I can see with my eyes and grasp with my hands to open or shut it, once I get in sight of it and get my hands on it. This is especially the case if the word Gate on the sign is accompanied by a pointing arrow and the words ?mile, or something of the sort. The real, tangible, usable gate is a quarter of a mile away, out of sight in the woods. The sign, however, promises that if I follow the arrow I shall soon be face to face with the gate. The word gate is charged w ith signifying power by its cite to real gates. Of course, the words meaning is also generated by that words place in a complex di? erential system of words in a given language. That system distinguishes gate from all other words. The word gate, however, once it is charged with signi? cance by its reference to real gates, retains its signi?cance or signifying function even if the gate is not there at all. The sign has meaning even if it is a lie put up by someone to lead me astray on my walk. The word Gate on the sign then refers to a phantom gate that is not there anywhere in the phenomenal world. Literature exploits this extraordinary power of words to go on signifying in the total absence of any phenomenal referent. In Jean-Paul Sartres quaint terminology, literature makes use of a non-transcendent orientation of words. Sartre meant by this that the words of a literary work do not transcend themselves toward the phenomenal things to which they refer.The whole power of literature is there in the simplest word or sentence used in this ? ctitious way. Franz Kafka testi? ed to this power. He said that the entire potentiality of literature to create a world out of words is there in a sentence like, He opened the window. Kafkas ? rst great masterpiece, The Judgment, uses that power at 16 On Literature the end of its ? rst paragraph. There the protagonist, Georg Bendemann, is shown sitting with one elbow propped on his desk . . . looking out the window at the river, the bridge, and the hills on the farther bank with their tender green. Stephane Mallarme gave witness to the same amazing magic of words, in this case a single word. In a famous formulation, he pronounced I say a ? ower and, outside the forgetting to which my voice relegates any contour, in the form of something other than known callices, musically there rises, the savourless idea itself, the absence of all bouquets. Words used as signi? ers without referents generate with amazing ease people with subjectivities, things, places, actions, all the paraphernalia of poems, plays, and novels with which adept readers are familiar.

Comparing and contrasting Achilles and other warriors Essay Example for Free

comparison and contrasting Achilles and other warriors EssayComparing and contrasting Achilles and other warriorsIntroduction Achilles is one of the main guinea pigs in Homers Iliad. Iliad is a legendary epic covering the formative years of Roman and Hellenic mythology. Iliad pursue glory, heroism, and love within the authority and influence of supernatural powers. Achilles possessed heroic strength and withal had close contact with the gods. Achilles had all the qualities of a grand warrior and he proved to be the most predominate man among the Achaean army. However his deeply rooted character barred his capacity to act with oneness and nobility. The rationale of this paper is to analyze the character of Achilles and examine how he was similar of differed from other heroic warriors. Achilles could not manage his pride or the fury that came about when his pride was injured. These attri thoes greatly affected Achilles action since he abandoned his fellow warriors because h e had been insulted before Agamemnon, his commander. Achilles even wished his fellow warriors to be killed by trojan warriors. He was driven by thirst for glory and was willing to sacrifice anything for his reputation. Achilles had extreme temper for example, though the transfer of Patroclus provoked him to reconcile with Agamemnon, this did not alleviate his fury but he directed his pettishness to swagger (Homer, 1990, p. 32). Achilles forfeited twelve Trojan men at the funeral of Patroclus, he in addition killed his opponents mercilessly and shamefully vandalized the the Great Compromiser of Hector. These events reveal Achilles great anger because he was mourning the close of Patroclus. Achilles pride, bloodlust and wrath affected him adversely (Virgil, 2006, p. 42). Achilles is acknowledge as the greatest warrior in Achaian army and no other warrior could match him as a fighter. Achilles has a great sense of social order because he decided to act during the encrust that w as consuming the soldiers at Achaian camp. Agamemnon, Achilles kind did not act so Achilles decided to find out the cause of the plague by calling for a congregation of the entire army. Achilles is argumentative and petulant because he argues that though Agamemnon gets the scoop prizes from war, he never worked for them. In the course of argument, Achilles almost killed Agamemnon, though he was saved from carrying out the heinous act by goddess Athena. Achilles believed that the quarrel between him and the king was righteous and same as the war against Trojan army. Achilles major characteristic was excessive pride because he remained angry even after Agamemnon promise to put across Briseis alongside other gifts (Vigil, 2006, p. 47). Gilgamesh is a warrior who fears death throughout George XIII epic. Achilles on the other hand is overly very keen with his metaphoric wickedness that can only take place after the death of his earthly life. Gilgamesh and Achilles have a toilet of s imilarities, which include dynamic attitude on death and life centered. They have similar attitudes especially when their heroic comrades died. The death of Patroclus touched Achilles very much whereas the death of Enkidu also caused much distress to Gilgamesh. Achilles and Gilgamesh argon two semi-divine heroes who have various matching characteristics and life-events, and they focused a lot with their somebody lives, but not relatively in the same approach. Achilles and Gilgamesh sh be fundamental similarities in their mortal lives. Each of them is a child of a goddess and a mortal man who happens to be a king. Achilles is a son of Thetis and has an exceptional rapport which enables him to speak with the gods with the help of Thetis (Homer, 1990, p 27). Gilgamesh on the other hand is regarded as one third human and two third god, which makes him to stand out as an exceptional character that exists in relationships with both the mortal world and divine world. Iliad relates the pree minence of Achilles and Gilgamesh in battle where they reveal themselves as headstrong warriors. Neither Achilles nor Gilgamesh is concerned with romantic and family relationships. The major relationship these epic heroes have is with their mothers, where they seek aegis and guidance. Through this rapport, they are able to gain development and wisdom. Achilles can also be compared to other heroes much(prenominal) as Aenes since their lives is determined by supernatural powers. In the book Iliad and Aeneid, Achilles and Aenes are characters who reveal their chivalry and bravely. In the books, Aenes and Achilles are chosen by gods and favored in various periods of their lives (Homer, 1990, p.26). These characters have foreordained death and fate, they are sons of gods and they have specific accomplishment and mission in their lives. The major difference between Achilles and Gilgamesh is on anger management. Even after the death of his friend Enkidu, Gilgamesh remains cool and does not translate his fury to anyone, but Achilles anger could not be controlled after the death of Patroclus. Gilgamesh mourns the death of his friend by ritually puff his clothes and hair, but Achilles mourns the death of Patroclaus by killing several Trojan warriors. An in depth analytic thinking of the epics of the era reveal contrasting features of the heroes. The circumstance, the physical features and situation might be similar, but the discrepancy is in the first place due to mental and intellect framework of the heroes. Aenes fought major battles just like Achilles, but their fate was different. Achilles was predestined to die in the battle, while Aenes was predestined to be an architect of a big town in the planet. Achilles was more of a feral enemy and fierce warrior and his task was to wrestle and triumph over flaming(a) wars. On the other hand, Aenes was more civilized and constructive in comparison to arrogant Achilles. Achilles is violent, stubborn, ruthless and hea d-on and had a capacity to kill Trojan warriors ruthlessly in the battlefield. Achilles battle and attack intended huge massacre. On contrary, Aenes is more placid and sober. Aenes as a warrior had adorable features of restraint, chastity, discipline and love. He was a square leader who never left his comrades. Aenes led the warriors to pursue new home and new culture. He was a fighter, but not even once did he display emotions and power in arbitrary and cruel manner (Vigil, 2006, p. 74). In conclusion, Achilles was a great warrior, but he was a merciless fighter who killed umpteen Trojan warriors. Achilles shared similar features with other heroes in the epics. These heroes fate was usually predestined and they were mostly sons of gods. They desire advice from their mothers which helped them to develop and gain wisdom. However, an in depth analysis on the character of these heroes depict that there are some differences. Achilles was a violent warrior as compared to most heroes w ho were able to manage their fury. In addition, Achilles, Aenes and Gilgamesh were heroes of their times.ReferencesHomer, Robert Fagles, and Bernard Knox. The Iliad. New York Viking,1990. Print. expect Nash Wolff. Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Heroic Life. Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2(1969) 392-398. Web.Virgil, R. Fagles, B. Knox, and S. Callow. The Aeneid. New York Penguin Audio,2006. Print.Source document

Essentialist and Post Structuralist Theories of Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Essentialist and Post Structuralist Theories of Race and Ethni city Essay singularism Analysis Toward Productive Pedagogies An Essentialist and Post Structuralist Perspective Race and heathenity impart be used to analyse the primaeval theme of individualism from an essentialist and patch geomorphologicist perspective. Definitions of race and heathenishity will be presented and discreteions made between the two categories. The fiber Eva from the film The Freedom Writers will be used as a medium and present an logical argument that race and paganity are social constructs but not absent of essentialist influences.Following a ego reproval of my own identity the similarities between Eva and I show a congruence between essentialist perspectives of race and ethnicity to the human race of ethnic tensions and prejudice. In the place setting of Post structural theory it will be argued that it protracts a much realistic and progressive appraisal of identity as fluid and ch anging done social contexts. Differences between Evas and my own identity serve to highlight the inequality of paramount last over ethnic minorities.Therefore, pedagogic strategies will be examined from a post structural perspective as a mover to promote inclusivity and authentic Indigenous perspectives within the classroom. Essentialist theories to the highest degree ethnicity and race present these identity themes as quick-frozen and unchangeable. Weber (1978) defines race identity as joint inherited and inheritable traits that actually derive from ordinary descent (p. 368 ). The character Eva from the film The Freedom Writers identities her race as those south of the border, or specifically Hispanic.Ethnicity from an essentialist perspective differs from race as Z yearsfka (2008) ascribes to the notion that essentialist accounts of ethnicity maintain that ethnic collections have a certain message which determines their character (p. 1). Therefore, essentialist ethni city elaborates on race identity informing that behavioural traits are also biologically determined. Evas statement We fight over race, pride and respect illustrates the essentialist nature of pertinacious, unchangeable boundaries that exist between her group and other ethnic groups.Evas racial hatred of the other ethnic groups is evident finished her ring affiliations and violent behaviour toward them. An essentialist perceptive would assume that Evas racial hatred is determined at bring forth but as Evas character develops throughout the film the essentialist perspective loses validity and Evas palpate of identity is seen to be socially constructed. Post structural theory maintains that race and ethnicity are socially constructed presenting Evas identity as fluid and evolving.However, Morning (2006) concludes that the conception of race as rooted in biological going away endures, at least in the United States today. Therefore, ethnicity offers a more authentic compendium of Evas identity formation from a post structuralist perspective then the residual of essentialism that exists in apprisal to her racial conceptualisations. In Evas formative years her subjectivities about race were essentialised from her fathers emphasis of her origins and therefore the read to protect your own.The violence from other ethnic groups and the arrest of her father because of his ethnic background resulted in an intense hatred for white tribe. Eva hated white people on sight. Evas hatred developed over time through social contexts involving ethnic and racial violence. Evas changing identity is represented from a post structural perceptive through narrative and social fundamental interactions in Mrs Gurwalls classroom. Marra (2005) states that Narrative is a powerful means of constructing different kinds of social identity, including ethnic identity. (p. 2).Using a diary as an artefact Eva is able reflect on her own subjectivities about identity to better attend her beliefs and values (J Nailer, 2005 p. 152). Through social interactions in the classroom under the guidance of her instructor Evas ethnic identity is reconstructed to establish a type of class ethnicity involving students from different races. As a self reflection process my own personal identity can be examined through essentialist and post structural perspectives centred on themes of race and identity. During my childhood years race identity was represented from an essentialist perspective.I identified as a member of the white race and was educated from a white, colonial diachronic perspective. Instilled from an early age was the notion that be black meant be inferior. Not only did I perceive Indigenous people as those who sat in the park and got drunk but I engaged in antiblack language such as nigger and coon. My prejudice is highlighted by Brickman (2009) who suggests Indeed, for social categories base on race, increased endorsement of genetic theories (one component of psychological essentialism) has been linked to increased prejudice (p. 2).My parents assisted in the facilitation of my racial essentialism as did many other adults and peers of my own racial group. During my formative years my identity base upon being a member of the white race assumed greater intelligence, privilege and more take over behaviour than Indigenous peoples. The distinction between race and ethnicity is evident when according to Chandra (2006), an ethnic group is a named human population with myths of common rootage, shared historical memories, one or more elements of a common culture, a link with a homeland and sense of solidarity (p.403).This statement equals to when I left my small town and attended an affluent private college whilst undertaking university study. Although surrounded by members of the same white race I identified with an ethnic group in the context of people from my own town.The essentialist and constructiveness theories for identity are dist inct yet in practice difficult to separate. Ayirtman (2007) presents constructionist perspectives as the intersubjective formation of individual identities through confrontation and interaction with other(s) (p.10) whilst Chandra (2006) proposes that changes in ethnicity are constrained by descent-establish attributes.In the context of race and ethnicity both statements were appropriate to the demeanor I constructed my own identity throughout my adult years. The immersion in multiculturalism from a large city and university institution influenced me to many different races and ethnic groups. The confrontation of cultural diversity increased fluidity in the boundaries that constituted my identity about themes of race and ethnicity.However, the recognition of cultural differences in relation to my original culture and race still left intact some relatively fixed boundaries around essentialist perspectives. It is evident that Eva and I had different life experiences yet similarities emerge between our two identities. Prominent commonalities between Eva and I relate to the essentialist perspective of race and ethnicity our childhood and adolescence years. Both Eva and I expressed prejudice toward other ethnic groups based on the biological characteristics of race and ethnicity.In relation to ethnicity and race the formative years consisted of seemingly fixed and rigid boundaries around identity groups. Juteau (1996) describes these boundaries as monolithic and static, seen as grounded in common origin, genealogy and ancestry (p. 57). Similar to Eva the fixed nature of my identity boundaries correlated to racial and ethnic tensions resulting sometimes in violence, in varying degrees. Despite essentialised race and ethnicity in formative years commonalities exist between Eva and me through a post structuralist perspective.Racial prejudice was socially constructed through repeated discourses of conflict between racial groups throughout childhood and adolescence. N arrative through the evolving artefact of a diary allowed both Eva and I to analyse our subjectivities about aspects of our identities and both had the experience of an subtle teacher through which effective social interactions allowed empowerment and progressive reconstructive memory of identity. A key difference between me and the character Eva in The Freedom Writers is that I identified with the paramount Discourse in society and Eva identified as a member of a minority ethnic group.Thomson states A successful work student is one who has acquired much of the dominant habitus, that is, ways of being in the world, as well as the cultural and symbolic capital derived from their schooling (p. 8). An analysis of Thomsons statement works on two levels. At the school level, and identifying as a member of the dominant culture, allowed me to be familiar with school discourse and the noesiss valued there in. Evas ethnic and racial identity immediately placed her at odds with the school discourse which restricted her learning of cultural capital.At the level of society I was able to exert more confidence through the social influence that a familiar discourse facilitated. A seemingly natural relationship existed through identification with a common culture, language and physical race attributes. Evas race and ethnicity reduced the agency she could exert against the dominant culture. Her common culture and race attributes are at odds in a society where the majority race was white. The similarities and differences evident between Evas identity and my own identity offer invaluable understandings to develop positive, productive teacher-student interactions in the classroom.Taking a post structural approach to training teachers can be aware that their own subjectivities will influence the way they teach. (Nayler 2005). . In a multi-cultural scenario where individual students bring a variety of cultural identities into the classroom a teacher faces the challenge of fa cilitating inclusive pedagogical practices. Carrington advises that the teacher facilitates a culture of respect and value for all members of the class. (p. 113).This statement requires student interactions that involve audition to other students and being encouraged to support each other through peer assisted learning. classroom organisation moldiness allow students to actively participate in whole class, group collaboration, independent and problem- based learning. These student practices must be based around purposeful experience that engage what Thomson (2002) refers to as a students virtual schoolbag (p. 1). Through strong relationships between teacher, parent and community what students have learnt at home and in wider society can be transferred into the classroom.Therefore individual students knowledges, narratives and interests can be recognised and built upon with high teacher expectations of connecting them to the valued knowledges of the school curriculum. (Thomson, 2002). More specifically, is the need to embed Indigenous perspectives into the classroom. When embedding Indigenous studies into the classroom teachers (non-indigenous especially) need to access authentic knowledge and often admit their shortcomings in relation to skills and knowledge required to teach such units.Miller, Troy and Currell (2005) power point out the risk that as members of the dominant culture (we are all white Australian), perhaps we institute it easy to revert to a knowledge base that we had naturally accepted since early childhood (p. 61). Teachers must be critical about the resources they select to teach Indigenous studies whilst forging strong relationships with Indigenous communities. These factors will ensure that Indigenous studies are taught from an indigenous perspective and not corrupted by social, political and historical perspectives of the dominant culture of which many teachers identify with.The identity categories of race and ethnicity can be analy sed from an essentialist and post structuralist perspective. The post structural perspective of race and ethnicity presents a more authentic analysis of identity as being influenced by different social contexts. Whilst the post structural perspective offers a more progressive act to Evas and my own identities essentialist influences are not invisible. The commonality of prejudice through race and ethnicity being essentialised offers an excellent reference point to show the usefulness of a post structural approach to productive teacher pedagogies.A post structural perspective offers the opportunity for teachers to critically reflect upon their own subjectivities in the context of their own identities. Teachers can therefore adopt pedagogical strategies that promote inclusiveness in the classroom and embrace the fertility rate of cultural diversity, whilst linking the diverse array of knowledges to the value knowledges of the school curriculum. References 1. Marra, M (2005). Constru cting Ethnicity and Leadership Through Storytelling at Work. Retrieved from http//www. mang. canterbury. ac. nz/anzca/FullPapers/06WorkCommFINALed.pdf 2. Carrington, S. (2007). Classroom relationships, pedagogy and practice in the inclusive classroom. In M. Keeffe S. Carrington (Eds), Schools and diversity(2nd ed. ). (pp. 108-127). Sydney Pearson Australia. 3. Miller, M. , Dunn, T. Currell, K. (2005). learnedness and the importance of knowing Student perspectives on centralising Indigenous knowledge in their preparation as teachers. In J. Phillips Lampert (Eds), Introductory Indigenous studies in education The importance of knowing. (pp. 60-79). Sydney Pearson Australia. 4. Thomson, P. (2002).Vicki and Thanh. In Schooling the rustbelt kidsMaking the difference in Changing times (pp. 1-18). Crows Nest Allen Unwind. 5. Nailer, J. (2005). Understanding ourselves. In J. Austin (Ed), coating and Identity (2nd end). (pp. 139-154). Sydney Pearson Australia 6. Morning, A. (2006). Ethn ic Classification in Global Perspective A Cross-National Survey of the 2000 Census Round. Retrieved from http//as. nyu. edu/docs/IO/1043/Morning_2008_Ethnic_Classification_in_Global_Perspective. pdf 7. Brickman, D. (2009). The Implications of Essentialist Beliefs for Prejudice.Retrieved from http//deepblue. lib. umich. edu/bitstream/2027. 42/63752/1/dbrick_1. pdf 8. Chandra, H. (2006). What is Ethnic Identity and does it Matter. Annual Review of Political Science, 9, (pp 397-424. ) Retrieved from http//www. nyu. edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/chandra/ars2005. pdf 9. Juteau, D. (1996). Theorising ethnicity and ethnic communalisations at the margins from Quebec to the world system. Nations and Nationalism, 2(1), (pp 45-66. ) Retrieved from http//onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1354-5078. 1996. 00045. x/abstract 10.Ayirtman, S. (2007). Recognition through Deliberation Toward Deliberative Accommodation of heathen Diversity. Retrieved from http//arts. monash. edu. au/psi/news- and-events/apsa/refereed-papers/political-theory/sayirtman. pdf 11. Zagefka, H (2008). The concept of ethnicity in social psychological research Definitional issues. International diary of Intercultural Relations, 33(3), (pp 228-241. ). 12. Gruwell, E (Writer), Lagravenese, R (Director). (2006). In D. Devito, M. Shamberg, S. Sheer (Producers), The Freedom Writers. Paramount Pictures.

Presentation and function of horror Essay Example for Free

Presentation and function of horror EssayI busied myself to think of a business relationship a story to rival those which had excited us to this task. One which would speak to the mysterious fears of our nature and fire up thrilling horror one to make the reader dread to look round, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of the heart. If I did not accomplish these things, my ghost story would be unworthy of its name. In the Authors introduction to the standard legends variate (1831), Mary Shelley conveys her aim of the novel, Frankenstein. Mary Shelley proclaims her novel my ghost story p.8. The proposal of a ghost story relates to supernatural literature, which creates horror with paranormal and occult themes, but Frankenstein in fact has no ghosts. There be no bumps in the night and only the minimum amount of blood with emphasis on sex act rather than showing in a story of scientific developments beyond our mold. To evoke horror Shelleys novel complies with lit erature of the gothic genre with its tale of macabre in wild picturesque landscapes but without the ghouls and spirits. Shelley has the exponent to horrify us without much(prenominal) paranormal torments but through psychological torments. It is Mary Shelleys method and conquest of creating horror in the novel that this essay aims to discuss.Shelleys era saw rise to momentous discoveries and advances in learning that compositiony feargond may lead to disaster. The scientific work of Sir Isaac Newton (1642 1727) coupled with the ideals of philosopher John Locke (1632 1704) saw change magnitude ambition and power in the 17th Century. Parallels fanny be easily drawn between such ambitious scientists and philosophers, and Mary Shelleys fictional character of achiever Frankenstein. Clearly a large influence to the fable of creation the novel endures is aided by the development of electricity. Shelley usages these advances in technology to make her novel progress more realisti c and therefore horrifying.She has replaced the heavenly fire of the Prometheus myth with the spark of newly discovered electricity. Although overlook in the novel, Kenneth Branaghs 1994, film Mary Shelleys Frankenstein draws parallels with Luigi Galvani (1737 -1798), by featuring his work of discovering a frogs legs could twitch in an electric field. The use of electricity plus the amniotic fluid, which Victor uses in his creation, mixes the idea of science with the mythical origins surrounding the bring forth of human life. As Mr Waldman presents and influences the work of Victor Frankenstein, the likes of Newton and Galvini coupled with discussions between Mary Shelley, husband Percy and maestro Byron at Lake Geneva in 1816 have indeed influenced Shelleys role in creating the horror surrounding Frankenstein.When considering horror, we mustiness consider what actually evokes the horror. Shelleys use of language when Victor is developing his workshop of filthy creation p.52 is disturbing, although not much graphic content is written, it is more what is not said and left out that is outrageous. The theme of see is central to this idea of horror. When considering the horrendous incidents of September the 11th 2001 in American, and the horrific images of planes hitting tower blocks, are response is stomach churning but the real horror is the lack of control, nobody knows when and how the attacks are going to happen and this is similar in Frankenstein. Victor is scared of the monster as he has no control over him and this permeates through to the reader. There is surely an eye opening benefit of being horrified in some aspects. We can test our courage and survival and prepare for the future and in this case we are providing with the dangerous premonitions of playing god.Due to Mary Shelleys experiences of death and pregnancy the novel seems to suggest her own psychological torments about creation, and the horror of birth and development. Shelley lost mos t of her children, only one survived. Shelley may be exploitation her novel as a way of voicing her disgust and unhappiness at how childbirth can appear. I kept my workshop of filthy creation p.52, may be referring to the womb, the disgust and pain a mother can feel at such unhappiness. The creation seems to depict mothers worst fears, being competent to accept and have endless love for a child and not reject in the horrific manner that Victor does.The description of the monster is very much similar to that of a newborn baby. erst again the 1994 film adaptation of the novel depicts the monsters first steps similarly to that of a newborn Deer, struggle to find his feet, clutching on to his creator for dear life. As the novel reaches horrific climax in Chapter Five, Victor is awoke from a dream to find one hand was stretched out p.56, as his creation asks for help, like a child would to a mother. The way in which this interaction takes place is horrific in that a monster-like wol f standing beside his bed awakens Victor, but the manner in which Victor rejects his monster is equally horrific. The creation has no motive for death yet and he is surely asking for help and is abandoned less than a few hours after birth. The novel could be read as a version of what occurs when a man plays god and upsets nature. Trying to create a child without woman is not natural and the horrific incidents which espouse act as a warning not to mess with the origins of human life.

American dream Essay Example for Free

the Statesn dream Essayexploration of the proposition of the American Dream In a country where liberty, freedom and the land of opportunity is a pivotal part of American society the American dream is born. The American dream is fundamentally the government note that no matter your race, religion, sex or social class if you work hard in America you will achieve materialistic wealth. Steinbecks novel, Of Mice and Men sets in the 1930s, the time of the great depression and depicts the flaws of the American Dream. most of the themes in the novel include friendship, death, jealousy and loneliness.The exploration of this essay shall consist of me focussing on the theme of the American Dream by exploring the credits, George and Lennie, edulcorate and Crooks. Steinbeck also conveys the theme of the American Dream through the character of Candy- as the name implies Candy is a sweet character, the quote, yeah, nice fella too demonstrates this as Candy is talking fairly abtaboo Crooks who is black and looked down upon in society of that time. Candy is an emeritus character, the doddery man put the yellow can in his pocket and this is illustrated by Steinbeck as one of the flaws of the American Dream which stops them achieve the A. D. and because everyone shall someday become old Steinbeck is implying that sometimes the American Dream is neer achievable. Candy owns a frank which he has known for most of his life, Thats a hell of an old quest for Yeah I had im since he was a pup This dog of his is a very close bullheadedness and friend and it is implied that Candy has realised that he shall never achieve his American Dream but his dog is the closest he shall get to it so it is a part of his American Dream.However Candys dog was gap by Carlson due to it being old and smelly, I put ont know anything that stinks so bad as an old dog hes got no teeth whynt you shoot him Candy? The death of Candys dog symbolises the death of Candys Amercian Dream, however in more depth, the death of his dog illustrates that anyone (animal or human) who is old or smells or has no teeth (basically out of the norm) is not accepted into society and shall not be accepted and death could be a come-at-able out come.Although Candys dog had no use to the concourse around and society, to Candy he meant a lot and the death of his meant a death of part of candy himself. Similarly, Lennie like the dog was not accepted in society due to the deed he had committed and due to his disability however, he meant something to George and they too like Candy an his dog were loyal friends but it was because of society that cause the death of both(prenominal) the dog and Lennie which cause the death of their American Dream. Through the character of Curley, Steinbeck shows the Amercian Dream in a diverse light.He illustrates that the American Dream is achievable through Curley as he has his own ranch, the trophy wife, the silver and power. However, Steinbeck is also showing that only a few people achieve the American Dream as only one of the Characters achieves the American Dream out of 6. Although Curley has achieved the American Dream, Steinbeck clear shows through the nature of Curley that those who are able and do achieve the American Dream are not always nice people, in fact from Curleys character, the audience feels that they are in fact horrible people.The way in which Curley treats other people makes him perceived as a very horrible person. The way in which Curleys wife describes him, I don like Curley. He aint a nice fella shows how little want he is. Also, the way in which Curleys wife is used as a possession of his shows the greed of power that Curley has. Also the way that Curley is perceived by George shows already within only a day of knowing Curley he is not liked as George refers to Curley as a son of a bitch vAlso, the way in which Curley treats Lennie is appalling, What the hell you laughin at?Lennie looked blankly at him. Huh? Th en Curleys rage exploded. Come on, ya big bastard. Get up on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitch is gonna laugh at me. Ill show ya whos yella. This shows the arrogance of Curley. The theme of the American Dream is alright woven through the entire novel and without a doubt this has been done very effectively . Steinbeck clearly conveys his message about the American Dream in much detail and has done in a very meaning full way.