Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System

intercommunicate Frequency Identification (RFID) SystemLiterature review2.1 RFIDThe Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) frame is a technology for automated assignment. Exploration of RFID technology dates back to 1948 when Harry Stockman published his research highborn Communication by means of the reflected authority. Unfortunately technologies such asintegrated circuits, transistors and microprocessors were not yet useable and RFID had to wait another20 years for its first commercial application (Landt 2005). Between 1970 and 1980 several researchlaboratories and academic institutions carried out work on RFID implementations for animal tracking,theft prevention, item labelling and access control dusts (Want 2006). disregardless of theseapplications, RFID governing bodys remained obscure for m both years. The first signifi buttockst change to thisoccurred in the early nineties when companies across the being began to use RFID tags on a large scaledue advancements in their energy efficiency and coat reductions (Landt 2005).Todays systems atomic spell 18 usually composed of either passive or restless RFID tags and RFID readers.Active tags contain their ingest power source and thereby stop transmit stronger signals and goat beaccessed from further distances. Most commonly they work on the ultra-high frequency (UHF) bandand can achieve up to 100 metres wheel depending on the surrounding environment (Weinstein 2005).There are currently two types of active tags. Transponders, also called semi-active tags, and Beacons.Transponders stay in standby mode until receiving signal from the reader and then transmit a signalback. Beacons emit signals and drive their presence at pre-set intervals. Because of their on boardpower source, active tags are expensive, priced from $20 to $70 and set out in size from 2 centimetresupwards (Williams et al. 2014). Passive tags do not incorporate a power supply and are powered by theelectromagnetic signal received fr om the reader through the tags antenna. They operate on low, highand ultra-high frequency with signals ranging up to 10 metres depending on the tags backscatter power(Weinstein 2005). The smallest passive tags can be size of a grain of rice and cost 1/10 of the price ofthe active tag (Williams et al. 2014).Silva, Filipe and Pereira (2008) proposes a RFID tack student attending recording systemthat comprises of RFID readers operating at the cxxv Kilohertz (KHz) frequency with an effective readrange up to 10 15 centimetres and passive RFID tags engraft into plastic cards. The tags store abinary identifier which is unique to from each atomic number 53 student. Readers are connected to the local profit with RJ45connector through which they transfer scanned tag id to the server using the Transmission ControlProtocol / profits Protocol (TCP/IP). At least one reader is mounted in each of the classrooms andstudents need to seduce their card out and place it near the reader in orde r to register their attending.Nainan, Parekh and Shah (2013) claimed that a mistakable RFID attendance allowance system setupdecreased the time needed to record a students attendance by 98% compared to the manual entrymethod. Collected data shows that the RFID system was able to record the attendance of 5 students persecond, however considering the short effective read range we have to conclude that multiple readerswere utilise during that experiment to achieve such result. Despite advances over the paper basedregisters, efficiency of attendance systems based on passive RFID tags is limited by the number ofreaders located in the classroom. Analogous systems based on the active RFID technology couldincrease ids collection efficiency by scanning multiple tags simultaneously from a further distance(Yoon, Chung and Less 2008), however such systems would introduce a number of additional technological and social issues. Bandwidth limitations coerce RFID tags to portion a common broa dcastfrequency and as a resultant multiple tags responding concurrently to the same reader can causepacket collisions. Therefore to solve these issues, locomote anti-collision algorithms and methods must(prenominal)be employed during development process (Bin, Kobayashi and Shimizu 2005). Increased reading range additionally raises unspoilt privacy concerns as the users location could be tracked without their ownconsent (Ferguson, Thornley and Gibb, 2014).2.2 BiometricsNumerous properties must be satisfied to categorise the biological measurement of a humanphysiological or behavioral characteristic as biometrics. The characteristics should be unique, everyperson should have it and it needs to be accessible so it can be measured. There are a number of differentstudies exploring biometric authentication for attendance registration systems.2.2.1 Voice acknowledgmentRecent experiments by Dey et al. (2014) explore the capabilities of an attendance registrationsystem based on voice recognition. The main core of the system is a Linux OS server integrated with a estimator telephony interface (CTI) card and pre-installed with interactive voice response (IVR)software. The server is accessible only from the previously pre-defined phones which are installed inthe classrooms. Using installed phones users have to record a reference voice test to write in code into thesystem. During enrolment users are provided with a unique four digit speaker identification then theyare asked to read for 3 minutes text of their own choice. Enrolled users can register their attendance by debut the previously received speaker identification number and then answering some simple hit-or-missquestions start outd by the system. The system logs user attendance if the recorded speech matches thestored reference sample. Initial system military rating performed on the group of 120 students indicatedvery low efficiency. In order to achieve 94.2% recognition rate, each user needs to produce at least a 50seconds sample. Authentication time is additionally extended by an average 26 seconds computationaltime needed to give way provided speech sample. extra limitations come with the maximum numberof 32 concurrent calls that each server can handle. In essence, a long compulsory enrolment process,the unnecessary burden of remembering a personal speaker identification number and the poorregistration efficiency time make the system a poor expectation for large group registers.2.2.2 FingerprintsAccording to Akinduyite et al. (2013) fingerprint attendance management systems can be more accepted and efficient than the voice based equivalent. They have achieved 97.4% recognition accuracywith an average registration time of 4.29 seconds per student. The system implements fingerprintscanners connected to a centralised server through the be Wi-Fi infrastructure. As with the voicerecognition system, an administrator has to capture reference fingerprint data from every user befor ethe system can be employ. Collected fingerprint scouts are stored on the server in a Microsoft SQLServer database and subsequently used to match scanned samples. Almost identical recognition rate of 98.57%was achieved by Talaviya, Ramteke and Shete (2013) in the similar fingerprint system setup. Analogousto the RFID based systems, the efficiency is closely related to the total number of the available scanners.2.2.3 automatize Face recognitionAll of the prior systems require users to provide a biometric sample manually by using one ofthe available scanners located in the environment. Kawaguchi et al. (2005) proposed a considerablydifferent solution which automates sample collection. They introduced a face recognition method basedon continuous observation. The system requires two tv cameras drift live data to the centralized unitwith preinstalled face detection and recognition software. The first camera, called the spotting camerais installed on the ceiling and points towards t he rooms sitting area. The second camera, called thecapturing camera is located in front of the pose to capture students faces. The sensing camera scansover the room in order to detect seats in use(p) by the students. Received image data is analysed usingthe Active Student Detecting (ASD) method create by Nishiguchi et al. (2003). Once a student isdetected, the system directs the capturing camera to the found location. The face image quiet fromthe capturing camera is then processed by the system and the students attendance is recorded if amatching template is found. Experiments in which the described system was evaluated on a group of12 students revealed 80% accuracy in engaged seats detection and the same level during face detection.The whole experiment took 79 minutes in which 8 scanning cycles were performed, resulting in 70%total accuracy for the attendance registering. Despite advances in automated biometric samplescollection, the described system seems to be inefficient, e specially if we consider time required tocollect and analyse samples on such small group of students. Additional issues may arise if there areevery obstructions in the room which can restrict the cameras view or if a low ceiling prevents sensingcamera from covering the entire seating area.2.2.4 SummaryThe biometric systems have many advantages over the other authentication technologies. Thebiometric characteristics are tightly linked to the owner and can prevent identity theft, are difficult to double up and are very convenient as they are always available. Despite all these advances, all thebiometric systems share serious ethical, social and security implications. It was evidenced by manyresearchers that there is a fear of biometric technologies on the whole. The individuals and potentialsystem users are concerned about privacy, autonomy, bodily integrity, dignity, equity and personalliberty (Mordini and Tzovaras 2012 Kumar and Zhang 2010). The system administrators haveadditional overhead with the security of the collected biometric data. The individual biometriccharacteristic cannot be replaced if they get stolen, thereof the legal responsibilities whilst storing thiskind of data are colossal.2.3 Wi-FiAn interesting and novel attendance registration method was proposed by Choi, Park and Yi(2015). The authors created a system which incorporates Wi-Fi technology built into smartphonedevices. They had developed two chance variables of a smartphone application, one for the lecturers and onefor the students. When a class session starts the lecturer has to create a Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) usinghis version of the application. The students attend the lecture and scan for the available Wi-Fi AccessPoints and if the lecturers AP is discovered and students device stays in its range for specified amountof time then attendance registration process is triggered. To overcome limitations with the maximumnumber of concurrent connections that single AP can handle, the cre ated students version scans onlyfor the nearby networks but never connects to the found APs. attending is registered by submitting aMessage Digests 5 (MD5) hash token that combines a Service Set Identifier (SSID) of the found APand students smartphone Media Access Control (MAC) address. The hash token is uploaded to theserver which verifies submitted data and registers the students attendance in the local store. The systemarchitecture requires collection of the reference MAC address of all the students for the purpose of thelater validation. The study does not describe what smartphone models were used throughout theexperiment, but it seems that they did not consider privacy features on iOS devices. According to apple(2013), since the release of iOS 7.0, the MAC identifier is no longer accessible through third partyapplications, moreover subsequently iOS 8.0 release, real device MAC address is hidden from the access pointsand swapped with a randomly generated one (Apple 2015 A). p ickings into account that over 98% ofiOS devices run on iOS 7.0 and above (Apple 2015 B), only confirms that the proposed system designshould be reviewed again.2.4 Other2.4.1 QR Code with face recognitionFadi and Nael (2014) combined biometrics with Quick Response Codes (QR). The proposedmethodology requires lecturers to generate a unique QR code and display it in the class. In order toregister their attendance, students need to download a mobile application, install it on their smartphonesand use it to scan the presented QR code. The scanned code is then submitted to the server via theexisting University Wi-Fi infrastructure. Furthermore the application performs an identity check byscanning the students seventh cranial nerve image which is later used to create matching score by analysing a referenceimage stored on the servers. Lecturer can manually validate submitted images to confirm a studentsidentity if a low matching score raises any concerns. The QR code image could be effort lessly forwardedto other students outside the classroom, therefore the system also collects a location stamp on the codesubmission. The apparent vulnerability of the system lies in the number of technologies that it dependson. Authors sour that every student will have a smartphone device with front and back facingcameras for the facial images and the QR scans and also a Global Positioning System (GPS) modulewhich will be accessible during the registration stage. Each classroom has to be also equipped with alarge screen to present codes to the students and this may not always be available.

Socratess Theory of Forms

Socratess Theory of FormsTheory of FormsIntroductionKnowledge about the terra firma is developed by basing on the things we see, listen and perceive and the in earnation about these things is pendant on the senses and our knowledge about them. The knowledge and the perception, about even the most common things in the founding ar dependent on the general concept that exists about them. The descriptions of the things argon make up ones mindd by their appearance. Impression and the effects they occupy, only when, for every last(predicate) these some(a) measuring sticks ar defined and these standards atomic number 18 used to categorize the things. Socrates besides made this the center of his take up and in his theory about the makes, he states that the things are excuseed on the seat of the concepts and those concepts are abstract in nature. This paper pull up stakes be about the theory of systema skeletales presented by Socrates and the solelyegories that he used t o explain them in detail. The paper go awaying include the summary of the theory of stratums followed by the third man objection to the argument, side by side(p) comes the supposed counter argument by Socrates of all things in the world are set of ne bulky poll of forms, followed by the response to the counter argument all forms being the subject of new(prenominal) large set or being mutually exclusive, succeeded by the fact that in man of infinity and finally the culmination to the whole discussion.Socrates Theory of FormsIn the famous theory of forms or idea Socrates explains that the things achieve the properties like cup of tea or virtue with the military service of opposite properties like having the airscrew of being good and being fine and the existence of these properties make things what they are. It is our perception and our mind that decides what is gorgeous and non our senses (Pluto democracy pp. 579-582). Similarly there sack up be several types of the v irtues and the states, in which they exist, but, there go forth be one common attribute to it that is virtue. We are not able to see these things, like beauty, like the way we mickle see the another(prenominal) objects (Pluto Republic 507b).Since these properties beauty and virtue bathnot be seen with the eyes and they prat be perceived through different gist and exist in separate domain and this can be considered as forms. Since our senses can be falsified and they can have different perception and can perceive wrong things and then only philosophy can give the actual solution to this problem. In terms of forms, Socrates explained that there are a varieties of objects and things in the world that are related to the same concept and if those objects are nonresistant to that point concept then it is the sealed indication that that particular concept should be common in these objects. Based on these assumptions, these things should have that particular attribute in common a nd if they are related to that attribute, and then it is the part of the existence of the things. It is certain that if some objects share same attribute, then a part of that attribute may be common in them, but, it cannot exist completely in a single object. Based on the facts we can recount that if a convention of objects have some attribute in common it is because of the fact that they all are liable to it, but, it cannot exist completely in one objects and this comes to the result that the particular attribute that is shared must be the abstract in nature and cant be accessed by senses. (Baird pp. 279-282)The main feature that exists in these attributes or properties is that that they are intelligible, clear and explainable (Pluto Republic 509d ff). Another feature that these properties or forms have is that they have is that they are un departable and exist in the same form (Pluto Republic 484b ff). The form may quit in the objects they exist but it ordain remain in its ori ginal form, in its actual existence (Pluto Republic 484b ff).Forms were further explained in Parmenides and was explained and were that every object has one or the other type of the form and the form has one and only one property that itself and cannot be mixed and alike do not have any other property i.e. it is pure in its existence like beauty will have no other feature than beauty in itself. Moreover, every form is unique and has juncture in it i.e. there can be no copies of the form and it is the only one that exists and defines the objects that are associated with it and the forms are self defined and self predicted (Pluto Parmenides 128e- 130a). We cannot qualify or interpret a form on the cornerstone of contrary predicate and the beauties itself can only e defined by being beautiful in its existence and zilch else. Form is self predicted and cannot rely on any other form and nothing can exist within it (Pluto Republic 479a-c, 523). Forms are abstract in nature and on the basis of the property they have, they give that particular feature to the things in which they exist. A thing may be beautiful at one point, but, with the passage of time, the beauty may be compromised and may not exist in the form in which, it was in truth and this may change the shape off object in which form originally existed. But, the existence of form cannot be challenged and it will remain in its original state, without any change or degradation and the actual form will not be influenced and cannot be defined by other forms.Parmenides Third Man ObjectionAn objection that was raised against the Socrates theory of forms, in particular to his acquire that all the objects that are answerable to one form have that form in it and that form also has that attribute in it and is self predicted. Parmenides claimed that if F is the form then if the three objects have same feature in common or have F-ness in them then it is the terms on which we all explain and determine these objects i ds the form F. property of largeness was used in this case and Parmenides claimed that if the form F also has F-ness in it then there should be some other form or other level of the form say F* that can explain this Form F. in this case F will not be self predictable and will be dependent on other form F*. in the similar manner F* will have F-ness and it cannot be defined by itself and will further depend on F** ( Pluto Parmenides 132 a-b). For example if a Form is large then it should have the property of largeness in it, but, cannot be explained by the form large itself and there should be the other form say large2 that will explain this property and later large2 will be dependent on large 3 and so on and it will lead to infinity.Socrates Response When it is said that F has an F-ness in it, it means that the property that makes a form F, F is the F-ness. It cannot be said that it is derived from some another version of the form. If we say that someone is honest, it means that we have actually defined what a hones person actually and when we make a square or show that it has the property of being square it means that we will give the representation of that form in a manner that it will fulfill all the attributes associated with it. When the form reality is defined, the points are associated with it that determines what actually being honest means. When it is said that form honest has the property of honesty in it, it means that this forms represents what honesty actually means. If we define three groups a, b and z and we tell that the things in group have honesty in them which actually belongs to la large group of forms F. the bigger group F will have all types of forms but the distinct ones and these will be the ones that will help in identifying the members of group a. it means that group F is a predefined and limited group, that helps in defining other groups. It means that group F is the group of standards and is the ones that decides that which things fall into which category. This means that since forms are abstracts, so, they are also are the standards on the basis of which the things are explained and defined.Objection to Socrates ResponseIt means that the set X that is the set of all the forms are the standards that are helping in categorizing and defining other objects. When a standard itself is defined then there will be some other features that will have these features. But, if we defined property F1 and make it a standard then, it means that we associate set of features to it and these features decided what actually will be the standard or form F1should be. If for defining the standard of the form we say that let us have a form F1, F1 is combination of x, y, z and when x, y and z combine together then they can define what actually F1 is. It means that my original objection related to self prediction remains true. The form F1 will lose the property of being unique and distinct in its form. Let us take honesty. ingenuousne ss is the property that has truthfulness, reliability and sincerity in it. These collectively define Honesty. This shows that honesty itself is dependent on the other three forms of truthfulness, reliability and sincerity. It means that we will have to later define what these three features are and this growth will go on and will become infinite. It means that we will have more large set than F, that will be defining the forms that are member of F. it is also possible that the attributes that define a form are also the member of the set F and they are interlinked to each other and are dependent on each other for their existence.Argument against Parmenides ObjectionIf a form F1 is dependable on F2, F3 and F4 for its existence, it means that it is not the standard itself. The entire larger concept that define the world are the ones that are self defined and are independent of the other facts and forms. If we say that set F is the subset of a frequently larger set X and X is itself the subset of another set Y, but this all process will end at one point or the other. When we say that something is unique, it means that it is one in its form. When we say that god is one, it means that he is the only one who can achieve such greatness and no one can be compared to it and will have the property of being the God in him. For a God we define who can be the God and who can be the one that can rein in over all humanity. It means that we have defined him as the symbol or standards. But, there are properties of greatness and oneness that are defining him, which means that Gods existence is not infinite, but it order to tell about the extent of his influence properties of greatness and oneness are commanded, which means that in order to even define the greatest one in the world, we need the properties even smaller and much lesser than it. Therefore, it holds true that all the forms are mutually exclusively and are dependent on other forms we can say that nothing is infin ite, but, it is true that forms themselves need to be defined, with the help of other forms.ConclusionWe can conclude from all these discussions that the forms are not purely self predicted, although the form is a symbol for its property and distinct feature, but, it is true that in order to define a standard or form, we also need the help from the other forms, which may be much larger or much lesser in greatness or strength. Although the standards tell us about their specific feature, but, they are the part of the much larger pool and are also dependent on the other forms of its own group.Works CitedPluto. (2011). Ancient ism Volume I, 6th edition. In Parmenides, Ancient Philosophy Volume I, 6th edition (pp. 290-297). pearson/ Prentice Hall.Pluto. (2011). Republic. In F. E. Braid, Ancient Philosophy Volume I, 6th edition (pp. 274-288). Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Heart Failure Case Study

midpoint Failure Case StudySharon Heather Ferguson-GuyWhen it comes to boldness Failure the best wreak for a brighter forthcoming is to optimise the preventative with handling goals that argon vital for the patients health, well-being and gain a burst calamity of longevity.The benefits of obtaining a compatible music treatment goal for the patient, is so to make out the stress and anxiety for the patient, which in turn foundation minimise hospital admissions.Anyone that has other cardiovascular assays such as diabetes, smoking, excessive inebriant (with young adults with excessive alcohol consumption, they may be susceptible to holiday marrow syndrome which it is likewise cognize as) (Sanders, et al. 2012, p.628) and elevated telephone circuit cholesterol levels.The fol junior-gradeing case poll was given freely from a inhabit on his present health.I have changed his name to protect his confidentiality.Case studyMr Lloyd is a 73 years old widower and has heart stroke in the form of Atrial Fibrillation.He started to set unwrap breathless after riding his bike that he did daily. He said that he also spy excitable flutters in his chest, provided did non trail much notice as he thought it was because he had over exerted on an action at law at his time of life and put it down to the ripening process.He popped to his local world(a) Practitioner with his experiences and was put on a low dose of warfarin. posterior on a couple of weeks he returned and told his General Practitioner that he was not feeling any better and did not feel right. His General Practitioner told him to continue his dosage for another week.Mr Lloyd enjoyed walking if he was not cycling, but, due to the weather he left the bike at home. While on his modal value he slipped on ice and banged his head on the pavement. He was taken to hospital for the rest of the day due to a possible concussion. At the point of leaving he complained he still had a headache. The deb ase was not surprised as he had banged his head and prescribed paroxysm relief and told him what to watch out for with head injuries (They were aware of his music he was on at the time).After a week of pain relief he still did not feel right. His daughter took him to a different hospital. The doctor asked what medicinal drug he was on and told him that he was on still on the warfarin, they took him off it immediately, and replaced with a very low dose of aspirin. They immediately took him for a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan that revealed that he had a haemorrhage on the brain it had been there since the f any.History on that point is not a family history of heart failure.Has not smoke-cured for 50 years.Does not have any previous illnesses.Has never drank alcohol.Has worked outside(a) from home outdoors all of his working life until retirement.Admitted that his diet correctd since his retirement, as with his previous job required him to be away from home quite a lot of the time and so his lifestyle then contained of hotels and bar meals.Has never been a big eater and portions were always small.Signs and symptomsFeeling breathless on light activities, more so when cyclingFeeling weak and more tiredDizzy after excursionPale but not all the time.No sicknessHeart beating too fast, rhythm was irregularNo coughingNot confusionNo weight gain as always activeBP practiceNo depressive feelings or cognitive problemsTests doneAuscultated lungs for changes non were foundBlood test was takenBlood pressure high on his visit, but often fluctuated between normal and highNeck veins checked no distension foundECG that read Atrial FibrillationElectrocardiogram was performed for 24 hoursNo chest roentgen ray was performedPitting oedema was slight at the end of the dayMedication before fallWarfarin was later changed to AspirinSalbutamol inhalerFurosemide (unable to remember dose)Cod liver oil 2 spoonfuls twice a day home remedies(On further reading on drugs. com I was funny regarding his cod liver oil intake and the medication of warfarin he was taking that may move due to it containing vitamin K, this stretchs the effectiveness of the warfarin and flagged an air of caution) (drugs.com)Mr Lloyd still suffered fatigue duty and breathlessness.Medication after fall for 4 monthsAspirinCod liver oil 2 capsules twice a day home remediespravastatin 20mg 1 daily (reduces the braggart(a) cholesterol)Salbutamol when requiredSimvastatin 20mg 1 daily (changed from pravastatin also reduces bad cholesterol)Spiro inhaler when required(drugs.com)Mr Lloyd was told to weigh himself every morning as he got out of bed. This was so he could take part in his own progress on any weight gain or weight loss due to the change of medication and possible fluid retentiveness. He noticed the relative frequency during the day and maybe once at night in going to urinate.With the changed medication Mr Lloyd still suffered fatigue and was breathlessness on l ight activities.After a review with a specialist his present medication treatment plan isApixaban 5mg 1 x 2 daily (reduce the risk of stroke clots)Atorvastatin 10mg 1 dailyCod liver oil 2 capsules daily home remedies (not spoonfuls anymore)digoxin 125mcg 1 daily (makes the heart beat stronger and a regular rhythm)Dutasteride 0.5mg 1 daily (used with Tamsulosin, reduce risk of urinary blockage)Omerprazole 20mg 1 daily (acid reflux)Spiro inhaler when requiredTamsulosin hydrochloride 400mcg m/r capsules 1 daily vigor relaxant, ease flow of weewee(drugs.com)This drug therapy is working well and clear from any adverse reactions and nevertheless visits the General Practitioner twice yearly. Blood pressure is stable at 110/75 bpm. His weight has not changed.Mr Lloyd still charts his input and output of fluids. With this, he is able to monitor lizard and report to his this instant General Practitioner any noticeable differences, to which, there is not any.Current statusEven tho ugh Mr Lloyd had to substantiate some frustrating discomfort with tiredness and breathlessness from past medications, these just didnt suit him, (It may have been a perfect combination for some remains else) and the time it had to take to get the correct treatment goals and drug therapy to his own bodys balance, Mr Lloyd is continuing his everyday activities without any problems of breathlessness or tiredness that have hugely lightd. He has decided with himself and with agreement from his General Practitioner that after about 17.00 he ordain start to slow down, and relaxes after food, and will potter in his garden instead of cycling. I have only ever known Mr Lloyd to cycle everywhere and all day. He tells me that he now enjoys seeing a television programme to the end instead of falling asleep half way through. His medication has slowed down his ventricular rate and that he will go for another review later on this year. Mr Lloyd said that he would not mind if the dose was lowered or none at all as he does not like to be reliant on medication.The specialist regenerate after reviewing Mr Lloyd advised him to attend a rehabilitation gym (sponsored by the British Heart Foundation) to monitor his exercise regime and to teach him how to keep fit in a healthy way for his age. They also educated him on a tasteful diet without the worry of blandness. He still goes to the gym, mainly because he has made many friends with similar conditions, and able to swap ideas. Mr Lloyd values the presence of the professional medical mental faculty that are there for any health or heart concerns.Treating congestive heart failure with medicationTo optimise the correct and suitable medication would be to find the patients correct balance. This will take a selection of medication over a period of time in order to reach the best goal of drug therapy. The reason for this is to make less strain on the heart by apply the correct combination of drug and its correct dosage. We must try and ontogenesis the cardiac output so the transmission line can pump more blood every minute. This will in turn improve the pumping action of the heart and reduce the hearts workload. So medication or a medical intervention may be suggested, the severity or damage would be taken into consideration. If there is a valve problem, it may be fixed with a repair or a replacement. If a more invasive form of fixing is needed, surgical implants may be required. This may be a pacemaker. This is a ventricular assist device that contains a pulse generator with one, two or three electrode leads that give off galvanising impulses to and from the heart (British Heart Foundation 2014, p.13)(Cleland 2006, pp.72-44). A more severe case may include a heart transplant which includes a recently deceased donor that is a match for the recipient. There are risks involved like any other surgery, but a heart transplant may be rejected due to rejection, infection or the new heart does not work properly. (Cleland 2006, pp.79-80)We need to take the effort off the workload on the heart by decreasing the fluid overload and reduce the blood pressure, so medication to reduce the heart rate and increase vasodilation (widen the blood vessels, by reposeful the smooth muscle cells). Diuretics would be one solution that would help with the fluid overload. This will increase the urine output and so in turn decreases the fluid overload. Different diuretics such as thiazide and loop diuretics that will cause a general loss of sodium and water from the body but also other electrolytes (minerals in the blood). This must be monitored for hypokalaemia (low potassium) because of sodium and water loss, potassium can be lost from the body in large quantities. (Cleland 2006, pp.54-63)(Class notes 2014/15)Another diuretic is a potassium sparing diuretic, it is an aldosterone antagonist (blocks the sodium retention effects of aldosterone in the kidney). This may cause a reverse problem, the potassium spa ring diuretic can cause the body to retain too much potassium, so the patient must be monitored for hyperkalaemia (high potassium). An instability of hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia in the body will be a risk of the electrical problems in the heart. By using diuretics the patient will be monitored for hypotension (low blood pressure) this is due to the fluid retention and the reduction of blood pressure medication. You must also monitor serum creatinine (waste product in the blood that comes from muscle activity and kidney function indicator). If the levels of this get too high, it will be an indication that the kidneys are having problems. (Class notes 2014/15)(Cleland 2006, pp.59-63)Other medications that will be help congested heart failure is to now focus on the blood vessels, the aim is to bugger off the function of the vasodilation that will rest the heart by slowing it down. The most used medication is called an pass inhibitors (Angiotensin-converting enzyme) (Cleland 2006, pp.53-56) this will block the enzyme that forms angiotensin II also known as ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) (Cleland 2006, pp.56-57) this causes the vasoconstriction to raise the blood pressure. The peg inhibitor will interrupt the cycle of angiotensin II, this will then decrease the blood pressure. The increase of vasodilation with the ACE inhibitors and vasodilation will lower the blood pressure and so helps to reduce the workload on the heart. There will be a drop in aldosterone (is a corticosteroid hormone that stimulates absorption of sodium by the kidneys) levels causing a decrease in fluid overload.A medication called ARBS (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers) reduce the activity of the angiotensin II in the blood. You would prescribe this if the patient is not able to tolerate an ACE inhibitor. (Class notes)(Cleland 2006, pp.56)Beta blockers block the binding of norepinephrine (neurotransmitter) to the beta receptors on the heart, this will cause a decrease in the heart rat e.Which in turn will decrease the blood pressure and the workload of the heart. With such an amount of medication, it is advisable to monitor the patient for hypotension.(Class notes 2014/15)(Cleland 2006, pp.57-59)ReferencesBibliographyBritish Heart Foundation (2014) Pacemakers.Chronic heart failure introduction Guidance and guidelines (no date) Available at http//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg108/chapter/introduction (Accessed 13 May 2015)Cleland, J. (2006) Understanding heart failure. London Family Doctor Publications in association with the British Medical AssociationPrescription Drug Information, Interactions typeface Effects (no date) Available at http//www.drugs.com (Accessed 14 May 2015)Sanders, M. J., Lewis, L. M., Quick, G. and McKenna, K. D. (2012) Mosbys Paramedic Textbook With DVD. 4th edn. fall in States Elsevier/Mosby JemsCitation(Chronic heart failure introduction Guidance and guidelines, no date)(Prescription Drug Information, Interactions Side Effects, no date )(Sanders et al., 2012, p. 628)(British Heart Foundation, 2014, p. 13)(Cleland, 2006, p. 56)(Cleland, 2006, pp. 57 59)(Cleland, 2006, pp. 57 59)(Cleland, 2006, pp. 56 57)(Cleland, 2006, pp. 53 56)(Cleland, 2006, pp. 59 63)(Cleland, 2006, pp. 54 63)(Cleland, 2006, pp. 79 80)(Cleland, 2006, pp. 72 74)Case study given freely by my neighbour.Font used Calibri light. Size 11. Size 9 for referencesMy draft reduplicate was kindly read and checked by The Clinical Manager and three different Clinical Supervisors at Yorkshire Ambulance Service.

International Marketing Plan For Allianz Marketing Essay

International Marketing Plan For Allianz Marketing quizAllianz is an world(prenominal) friendship specializing in the provision of pecuniary service, and the unions headquarters is in Munich, Germany. In the world(prenominal) problem world of today, companies earth-closetnot afford to just keep on home(prenominal), as this could lead to a decline in the companys reputation and business. skillful companies have to work hard on their outside(a) aim, to ensure that their stakes in the trade be maintained and involve upd. Founded in the year 1890, Allianz has branches in more than 70 countries and more than 180,000 employees worldwide. The company has acquired about 60 trillion customers to whom it provides property and casualty insurance run, health insurance, life insurance summation management and banking services. Allianz started to go international in the late 19th coulomb when the company opened a branch office in London. Allianz at a time similarly has bran ches in Paris, Italy, Great Britain, Netherlands, Brazil, Spain, and USA. Allianz hopes to expand into Eastern Europe and name branches either in Hungary or turkey. Since international merchandising innovations revolve about certain factors, the company pull up stakes have to complete a innate outline of the countries in question, so as to determine the feasibility and viability of international services in these countries. This report testament overly discuss the viability of clearing branches in the Turkish or Hungarian market place. The Company is aiming to establish the organic law in a global market. In fiat to do this an telling international market plan would have to be developed.Situation analysisThe goal of this international merchandising plan is the provision of specific counsellings for the companys trade activities. Research will be carried out in unlike beas uniform segmentation, merchandising, pricing dodging, targeting and noteing, furtheranceal strategy, control and implementation, in request to achieve define goals. This marketing plan will also detail what the company merchant ship achieve with such an international marketing strategy and hoe this plan will jockstrap in realizing company objectives.When an organization has decided that it is sound to go international and start operations in another country, it is necessity to define company policies on international marketing and the companys objectives for creating promotional campaigns that be efficient. As eagle-eyed as Allianz continues to expand superior services that are efficient, then the company will be better than a domestic company. As the global market continues to grow bigger and population increase continues, the company must engage in effective international marketing, in order to acquire and maintain more clients. (An in depth analysis of Insurance Industry)Interest in Hungary and TurkeyNumerous vari equals function deep down an international c ompany such as this, which deals in a global market. These vari ables can influence the companys strategy either directly or indirectly. world well implanted in various parts of the world Allianz seeks to adorn other markets in Europe.Marketing strategyAt Allianz, the goal of business is the acquisition of clients and maintaining these clients as customers. The companys international marketing strategy should reflect this, as the company continues to induce its reputation. The strategies that would be utilise for this international marketing will be a push/promotional strategy and pull/merchandising strategy. The push/promotional strategy will use the companys trade promotion activities and gross revenue force to create consumer subscribe to internationally. The pull/selling strategy involves expenses on promotions for consumers and advertising in order to build up consumer demand for servicesSWOT analysisThe sections highlighted below constitute the most relevant issues for Al lianz, and the success of the company.StrengthsThe companys strengths include a brand new international approach, provide ingest, targeted focus and marketing prowess. Allianz would have to take advantage of these strengths in order to utilize the companys opportunities and also manage threats effectively. Possible weaknesses to the companys international campaign are basically those problems inherent in new product and financial services marketing. Allianzs Strengths also includeProduct differentiationSuperior experience since the Allianz team is quite experienced in marketing, the company has to capitalize on this experience and bring it to bear on the international marketPopularity of the company fast companies like Allianz tend to have a kind of cult or customer loyalty for many years, which will be brought to bear on the international sceneWeaknessesLaunching new products and services internationally brings disadvantages of having to build a whole new market structureOpportu nitiesA ontogenesis international marketPotential for continued improvementVertical integrating Allianz also has the potential to integrate more services into its international presence and add more branches in various parts of the worldThreatsThe possible competition ensures that there would be other companies who will begin to offer similar services internationally. Unforeseen economic downturn may also reduce fluid/disposable income in spite of a gruelling domestic economy and anticipated continuous growth.Marketing mixThe company should Endeavour to employ a wide range of advertising promotions and communications in order to achieve set out international marketing goalsMarketing reckonThe companys marketing budget must be reviewed and the marketing director would assume responsibility for the budget, excluding the budget for developing the company website. The budget for the international marketing campaign needs to be evaluated on a quarterly basis, with adjustments made to media vehicles, advert schedules, and effective frequency as undeniablePromotionAs part of international marketing promotions, there should be grand PR parties and sports events held and organized for prospective clients. Local, national and international media will also be used and sales personnel will be stationed in target market locations like shopping malls and concerts and other relate eventsFinancial projectionIn order to make Allianzs financial services more appealing internationally, the company will have to look towards market segmentation. In looking towards market segmentation, the company will be able to identify specific customer characteristics of interest in specific financial services. As noted on the website of the Center for demarcation Planning, the pur cross of for segmenting a market is to allow the sales/marketing program to focus on the subset of prospects that are most likely to purchase what the company offers, and this can help to ensure the highest yield/return for sales/marketing expenditures, if done properly. (Center for Business Planning, 2009)The international marketing plan developed by Allianz must make a careful analysis of market research to lead to effectual decisions regarding the nature of the market in hungary, and of the potential clients in that country. To be able to satisfy the needs of these customers, the company must identify ways to earn its internal and external situation, including the market environment, the customer and the capabilities of the companyPEST outlinePolitical Factors change magnituded service tax on premium5% discount on corporate premiumHike in FDI marchesPricing control in general insuranceFavorable formula for rural insuranceEconomic FactorsIncrease in Gross internal SavingsSocial FactorsLow insurance coverageRise in elderly populationGrowth of insuranceTechnological FactorsAutomation of processesIncrease in CRM solutionsInternet driven information era(Insurance Industry An Analys is) execution of instrument and controlAllianzs international marketing efforts will be designed to instal and provide sales of goods and services. The marketing director will be in charge of tracking the various programs and changes might be made to the marketing mix if there are no appreciable results. Attention should also be given to most other factors like economic recession, passing low sales, and the expensive nature of certain types of media that will be used for the international marketing plan, as these factors might influence the budget and marketing mix.The companys international marketing efforts will be reviewed quarterly. Differences between revenue and sales goals during the first year of operation will be the main witness of comparison. Customers feedback will also be sought on marketing efforts and there will be surveys and focus groups organized to evaluate the efficacy of adverts. certaintyAssessment of external factors can help a company to position itself w ithin the environment in which the company operates. Although there are various macroeconomic factors that can affect a company like Allianz, the direction and strength of major industry shaping trends can be gauged by environmental factor assessment. This type of assessment may seem to pose a threat on some occasions but on the other hand, this assessment can create new opportunities. During the environmental assessment, it is racy to seek out new opportunities for business, feasible market places and other companies with which some form of cooperative arrangement can be built. In order to be successful internationally, Allianz needs to understand, anticipate and take advantage of the changes in the business environment. The international environment does have a big involve on the determination of market decisions. A large part of international marketing requires the scanning of the external environment that affects Allianz, so that the company can respond profitably to the trend s and market requirements of the targeted market.Allianz hopes to expand into Eastern Europe and establish branches either in Hungary or turkey. Due to Global currency issues and the effectuate of previous economic recessions which have created problems for the company and the services it renders, I deliberate that Hungary will be a more viable location for the company to invest internationally, as this country is more open to foreign investment. Industries in this country are also expanding and this represents more opportunity for the companys financial services. The blotto has also been advised to take a long term view. This is a good strategy for the company, as most emerging markets are long term based, to guard against the negative effects of economic downturns

Ideas And Themes In Writings English Literature Essay

Ideas And Themes In Writings incline Literature EssayWriters use lots of literary techniques and features to support their ideas and alkalis in their piece of writes.All those tehniques atomic number 18 design to manipulate and shape the readers perceptions.They position readers to respond to the writing in certain ways,either agreeing with or disputing those themes.Themes of everyienation,nostalgia to love and going away ar truly often repeated in Literature.We base design this genuinely progress to in three gyp stories which I would exchangeable to write most , Erneast Hemingways Hills a wish(p) White Elephants, commode Cheevers The Enormous intercommunicate and Doriss Lessing To Room xix.In first explanation Hemingway tells us approximately inabillity to communicate effectively in a relationhip.Main uses got a gigantic difficulty in articulating their feelings which makes them defeated with each some another(prenominal).In The Enormous Radio we see the mes such(prenominal) as colony and loss of control,hidden secrets ans s footdals and confabulation issues but they all head up to the principal(prenominal) theme of this myth which is loss of love.Last Doris Lessing accounting themes argon theme of allienation,identity issue and loss of good sense of existence.Main character of this layer,Susan is portrayed as a prisoner of ideology driven by sociaty that women are expected to be gladly and go outingly acepting their repression and bondage.Narrative heyday of viewe is one of the first techniques which has colossal influence on meaning and tang of the stratum.All stories are written in the selfsame(prenominal) a threesome mortal point of viewe but with a little difference mingled with them.Erneast Hemingway wrote Hills the like White Elephants in third person point of view and intent which is limited to what characters say and do.He doesnt reveal their thoughts ang feelings,as a readers we need to guess that by in terpreting the text.In Enormous Radio we see that narrator use the same third person point of viewe but its omniscient.He is able to describe non nevertheless each characters actions but as well their internal emotions,motives, and feelings.Sometimes narrator regular takes subjective approach by describing one of the characters Irene as a self-centered women which is only concerned about how people viewe her and by describing Jim as a loyal and hard working man who tries truly hard to give her and their children a comfortable livelihood.In Doriss Lessings To Room Nineteen story starts from the third person narrative point of viewe only to shift subsequently in a story to first person point of viewe.Lessing uses bourgeon of concioussness techinque and midland monologue which arrive ats the impression for the reader that he is almost eavesdropping on the flow of concious experience in characters mind.This give a reader an acces to thoughts,emotions and sensations undergo b y a character.Varied details of setting and character has got a spacious contributon to the maning of these short stories.Setting plays the biggest role in Hemingways story where even the ennoble refers to symbolical importance of it.Jig,one of the characters of a story,by describing the hills that they look like gaberdine elephants refers to her motherhood and the main issue of this story which is abortion.She describes the hills in the distance that they look like white elephants because Ameri keep which she travells with,views the baby as an aproaching obstacle to their careless life.The endure of a setting in any case provides symbolism which express the latent hostility and involvement among the pair off.The train tracks going into two different directions,in between which couple sits at the train station business leader refer to couple being in the middle of making drastic decision. A couple is just now like those tracks which run side by side but give never have a chance to meet. Different kind of lend on both sides,on one green and fertile and on the other alter and without trees also describes their different viewe and interpretation of the dilemma of pregnancy.In The Enormous Radio,the arriver of the new radio which changes its setting,going abstruseer in the house,moving from the door to the middle of the living get on behind the couch because of its physical ugnliness it seems to be like agressive intruder,intruding Irenes life.By listening to the radio which picks up noises and conversations from the whole building she also starts intruding on other people lifes.This is how we start to see huge change in Irene and her descent with Jim.She gets involved in people lives heard on the radio so much she soon became depressed and changes from a pleasant, rather plain adult female person to a woman who doubts who she is and doubts in her relationship with her husband.They both start to take thither is a tension in their marriage,that Irene has many a(prenominal) dark,deep secrets which she has hidden very(prenominal) well all these years and which she feels guilty about.Setting its not so chief(prenominal) in this story.Narrator is trying to concentrate only on the radio,voices and music glide path out of it which plays huge role in a story by shaping atmosphere of a story and also changing conceit of a main characters.The same we will see in Doris Lessings story where there is less description on setting but this minimalism have huge importance for the meaning.This minimalism gives the reader a sense of unfulfilled emptiness of a relationshp between Susan and Matthew and emptiness in Susans life which is described as a desert which shows her hopelessness and depressesion.Also the empty manner nineteen which in she spends most of a time describes Susans need of allienation. go for of techniques such as irony,symbolism an understatement by wrtiers in those short stories has got a huge seismic disturbance on themes.The most beta in those stories is symbolism which is a use of symbols to represent or suggest other things or ideas.As state before in Hills Like White Elephants we can already see symbolism in the title of a story.Jig refers to the hills that they look like white elephants to talk about abortion which is the main theme of this story.A white elephant is a largely useless object that is expenssive to throw and maitain which symbolise a unhatched baby.The whole symbolism of a setting is important in many ways which I already had a chance to analyse earlier.The course tracks could symbolise Jigs and Americans relationship and being in the middle of making an important decision.Two sides of a station described in a story has its make meaning,green can by a symbol of life, baby, a new beggining and dry side can represent death and abortion.Irony in this story generally shows Jigs frustration towards the American and this is its main purpose.In conversation between them ab out licuorice and its well-known(prenominal) taste we can clearly see Jig is not only refering to a drink but also to their lifestyle which she is able to throw in the towel at any point to settle down.I recall huge impact on the story has the last sentence spoken by Jig,when she tells the American she is fine.We can understand this sentence as an irony and that Jig will go through with the abortion because of her inability to communicate her feelings to the American wich leaves her frustrated and not being able to fight anymore.Also conversation between them,about such an important subject which is abortion,seems to be very simple,trivial and even pointless.The talk about good drinks and lovely hills is only a cover for a venomous argument.This tehnique used by Hemingway is called understatement.Again symbolism is used in Johns Cheever The Enormous Radio.It is primarily used to describe the hidden meaning of the radio from the title.It symbolise an addiction and loss of control .Irene gets so obssesed with listening to her friends and neighbours on the radio that she is not even interested anymore in her relationships with other people in sincere life.She prefers to go home and eavsdropp on them through the radio.Radio also symbolise a hidden secret and scandal.When Irene start to doubts happiness of her marriege,all secrets are being revealed like theft and abortion, which she was hiding all these years.Radio is also used as an irony.It was purchased to exploit joy and happiness to Irenes and Jims life but it only caused trouble between them revealing deep and dark secrets.In To the room nineteen again we can fetch symbolism in the title of a story.We see Susan as a woman who has been caught up in the web of the social roles in a community and she is trying to step out of this world into a world of her own making which is room nineteen.She is no longer a wife and mother in this room,she escapes her social role and she finally finds wild pansy and free dom.We can see an irony in words describing Susan and Matthew as natural which is the very characteristic that is their downfall.Although they do everything sensibly in their minds, their repression of her as a woman is anything but intelligent.Also Lessing use repetition technique, using word perception fiftee times to make an irony even stronger.Dialogues,conversations between characters have also big impact on the meaning of those stories.Hemingway story is told in third person point of viewe and it doesnt tell us any facts about characters.This is why dialogue is important and we need to interpretate it to find out about attitudes oh the main characters towards each other.Their are able in this way to speak for themselve and we can also see through the tone and pattern of the dialogue,exsistence of a deep problem in their relationship.In The Enormous Radio dialog has the same purpose.We are able through dialogue to find out more about characters thoughts and feelings.We also i n a dialogue see a tension between main characters,which bilds up towards the end of the story.In the To Room Nineteen Doris Lessing we can see through dialogues between Susan and Matthew the lack of communication in their wed life.Lessing also use interior monologue to stress the meaning of the story.Through Susans interior monologue we can see her helplensness and emptiness of her marriage life.All those strories got their own specific structure which has an impact on the mood and atmosphere of these stories.In Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants setting frames the story,it plays a crucial role in find the atmosphere in his work. The choice of a setting and objects supports the sytuation and develops the story conflict.Also dialogues are holding the story together,they tell us about the main theme of a story.In The Enormous Radio music frames the story, creates the mood and reveals the aroused transformation of the characters.In To Room Nineteen Doris Lessing is using more l iterary techniques in her writing to support the meaning. Narrator by changing the tone of language creates a mood.At the beggining of a writing words are longer which makes recital long-play and creates very peacfull effect.But than towards the end of a story narrator is trying to create tension in a story and starts using shorter words which makes our reading much speedyer.Also stream of conciousness technique adds dramatic effect to the story and without it writing would be very bland.I have really enjoyed reading short stories,especially those three which I have chosen for this evaluation and analysis.Mainly I believe so because of female issues in sociaty presented in those stories.Earnest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants is deffinitelly my favourite.It is very interesting that narrator doesnt reveal any informations about characters,what they think and feel.To find out we need to interpretate the text,in this case dialogue between them.Through reading the story I felt l ike sitting next to the couple,eavsdropping on their conversation.Because there is a huge communication issue between them and they are ineffectual to reveal their true feelings again it is left to the reader to analyse what characters are really thinking.It also intrigued me how story shows a contrast between male and female viewe on relationsips.When abortion for Jig,killing their unborn baby is a huge decision for her,for American is only a simple operation let the air in.He doesnt identify himself with the baby which is an obstacle for him and his careless lifestale. I also found The Enormous Radio very interesting to read.I think John Cheever through this story again proved the fact how communicating issues between people might affect their relationship.Irenes secrets and scandals creates tension between their marriage and they lead to loss of trust and love between them.The structure of a story has also catched my attention.I found it very interesting that music was creating t he mood in the story and that music was revealing the emotional transition of the characters.In To Room Nineteen I was hugle intrested in Lessings attitude towards female repression, alienation and escape which is all exposed in this story.She tries to explain how social, cultural, and ethic diversions,how they all limit women perspectives and experiences and their intellectual, spiritual, and emotional freedom.By indroducing us to the main character Susan,which entire exsistence was like prison,she tells us that this allienation might even result in mental breakdown.Short stories are very quick and enjoyable reading but still they have a huge depth and important message hidden in them.I would deffinitely recomend to others short stories which I had a chance to read and I will also bear on to expand my experience as a reader.

Female Foeticide In India

womanly Foeticide In IndiaIndia is a sylvan of incredible ironies. It is a land where mountain worship infinite forms of distaff Shakti in quest of wealth, wisdom and power. In this e affirm it is a normal sight to see thousands of couples making arduous journeys each twelvemonth to shrines of goddesses in order to be blessed with a squirt. But oddly enough, in this country, a couple is said to be blessed nevertheless when it has a male peasant for a miss is never considered a blessing in our parliamentary procedure. Her kin appears to cast a p alone of leadenness all both channelise the entire family. Her birth is non rejoiced, instead the entire family moans. depend on biasness had been the typical military strength of the patriarchal Indian nightspot since time immemorial. The Vedas contained pass eras which emphasised the necessity of son. May you be the m opposite of a hundred sons halt forever been a popular blessing by elders to young brides. It is then an undeniable f represent that despite differences in social and intellectual shape, almost both the sections of the parliamentary procedure do stand on the same platform so far as their craving for male minor is forethoughted. On the other hand, daughters be unwanted, they ar considered burdensome and plurality who do non hardiness to carry this burden for long dispose them off as apace as possible, for in Incredible India, sidesplitting of the fille child is no sin. Initially the girl child was put to death brutally, being throttled, poisoned or drowned in a bucket of water right subsequently her birth. These had been the common pr modus operandiices followed blow upicularly in the rural argonas. However the evil of killing the girl child no longer remained con elegantd to the rural people unless if equally attracted the urban population too who, despite being educated, seem to manoeuver a self-coloured p connectence for the male child and the succeed ing avoidance of the female child. The rapid advancement of science and technology be a boon for these people as this had made the diabolic flogging of the female child much easier and much than sophisticated than in the beginning. The benefits of science, as usual, has over again been misused by mankind and today by dint of the pre-natal call forthual practice use tests, the female fetuses be selectively aborted. thus we can say that in the modern era another shameful chapter has been added to the saga of oppression and exploitation meted surface to women, in the form of pistillate Foeticide. It is indeed hear cristaling that in fresh times when India boasts of its scientific achievements and discoveries, when the pages of textbooks atomic number 18 flooded with slogans of Shining India, women in India be not lonesome(prenominal) facing inequality and inequity in every sphere but they be denied even the right to be born. What is egg-producing(prenominal) Foeticide? As a medical condition, foeticide is destruction of a fetus. The term Female Foeticide whitethorn be defined as the elimination of a female foetus at all gunpoint of motherhood period, after determining its sex. It is in like manner defined as killing of female foetus through gene account spontaneous stillbirth.Hence Female Foeticide refers to the process of aborting a foetus if, after undergoing sex closing tests or pre-natal symptomatics tests, it is strikeed that the foetus is female. In other words, it implies the barbarous act of killing the girl child in the womb itself, unseen and unheard, exclusively for the feature that she is female.The misuse of medical science has facilitated the rapid ingathering of this monstrous crime in the lodge today. A number of medical procedures are carried let break through to desexualise the sex of the unborn child such as Amniocentesis UltrasonographyFoetoscopyChorionic villi biopsyPlacental tissue consume etc.Out of th ese the most commonly used sex-determination test is amniocentesis. It was meant to be used as an aid to detect any abnormality in the unborn child. But over the forms, peculiarly since 1978, amniocentesis has become a widely used test by doctors to determine the sex of the foetus surrounded by 14-18 weeks of pregnancy. The echography technique has also gained huge popularity. The trans-vaginal sonography has enabled to determine the sex of a foetus within 13-14 weeks of pregnancy and through group AB ultrasound, sex determination is possible within 14-16 weeks.Whatever be the mode employed, the reality is that these methods contain made sex determination quite easier and cheaper, in that respectby encouraging the growth of Female Foeticide at a high rate. Reasons for elevated Rate of Female Foeticide in IndiaIt has been widely accepted nowadays that girls are emotionally more attached to parents, more responsible in society and by no fashion less competent than boys. Howev er withstanding all this, the typical orthodox Indian attitude accompanied with several socio-economic-cultural factors pervading in the society has endlessly upheld the need of male child and disfavored the birth of girl child in the family. This has immensely contributed to the rampant growth of female foeticide in the country, gum olibanum making India one of the worst nations in the world plagued with skewed sex dimension. The most prominent factors encouraging Female Foeticide in India are listed below i) Religious factors The Hindu religion lays great stress on the birth of a son. In a Hindu patriarchal society it is the son who continues the family lineage or Vansh. check to Manu, a man cannot shine moksha unless he has a son to light his funeral pyre. Also, it says a woman who gives birth to only daughters whitethorn be left in the eleventh year of marriage. much(prenominal) gender biased customs and practices in the traditional Hindu society has over-emphasized the bi rth of sons and discouraged the birth of girl child in the family, thus paving the way for Female Foeticide. ii) Evil of DowryDowry is basically one of the factors which has encouraged the practice of Female Foeticide to a great extent. Parents hap it a better option to avoid the female fetuses itself than to pay horrid rates in the form of dowry while marrying off their daughters. Hence in order to escape from dowry people desperately go for sex selection tests and eliminate the female foetus. To most of the couples, especially the middle-class ones, it appears that paying Rs. 500 at present is better than to pay Rs.5,00,000 in future.Conversely, the boy is viewed an asset to fetch fabulous dowry for the parents. Hence boys are naturally preferred to girls. iii)Financial Dependence of Females on Husband or In laws In India, the socio-economic background has also been the villain behind the tragic female foeticide. Certain communities want to get rid of female child compelled by the circumstances of dehumanizing poverty, unemployment, superstition and illiteracy.iv) Secondary status of women in society It is for the most part expected that sons would carry the family lineage forward, provide security and care to parents especially in old age, enhance family wealth and property and perform the stand firm rites and rituals. Whereas daughters would go to anothers house draining out all the family wealth. Moreover they al slipway need to be protected, defended and taken care of , thus imposing an additional burden over the family. Such conservative attitude of the Indian society which essentially regards women a burden is one of the most potent factors which has bring forth strong son preference and hence encouraged Female Foeticide. completely this factors clearly point out that the ever brisk gender biasness in our country favoring the male and the stereotype notion of women as burden is the primal aim acting behind the shocking statistics of Female F oeticide in India. Genesisand product of Female Foeticide in India The Chilling Reality The devil of Female Foeticide early crept into the Indian society through the corridors of the northern states which engaged in rude misuse of amniocentesis.Amniocentesis first started in India in 1974 as a part of a sample survey conducted at the All India Institute of average Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, to detect foetal abnormalities. These tests were later stopped by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), but their value had leaked out by so and 1979 saw the first sex determination clinic opening in Amritsar, Punjab. heretofore though women organizations across the country tried their best to put a stop to this new expose, but were helpless because of the Medical vector sum of motherliness subprogram 1971 which permitted the amniocentesis test as it claimed to be used for espial of foetal abnormalities,. According to the MTP operation, if any abnormality is detected betw een 12 to 18 weeks of gestational period in the foetus, an abortion can be sanctionedly carried out up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. 5 Owing to this provision, amniocentesis could not be banned and its gross misuse continued. Although responding to the situation genuine legal steps had been initiated by the political sympathies, however, the evil of Female Foeticide could not be curbed out but rather with the passage of time it has become all the more sdangerous. Today the issue of Female Foeticide in India is no longer only an issue of violation of womens rights only but rather it has become a chronic disease. It has become so widespread all over the country today that day by day we are actually inching adpressed to a nation without women. Weird it may sound, but the shocking statistics telltale(a) the distorted sex balance in our country compel us to accept this truth.According to the United Nations an estimated 2,000 unborn girls are nonlegally aborted every day in India. Ano ther glaring example is the demographic pen of India which clearly indicates the profoundness and wide spread prevalence of female foeticide. India is a country of 102.7 crore population, out of which 53.1 crores is of males and 49.6 crores is of females, clearly indicating a deficit of 3.5 crore women. The sex balance is 933 women /1000 men and child sex balance is 927 girls for 1000 boys6. The ecstasy of this heinous crime in our country is revealed by the following figures conjure up Ratio(females per thousand males),India 1901-2001 Year awaken-Ratio 1901 9721911 9641921 9551931 9501941 9451951 9461961 9411971 9301981 9341991 9292001 933 Thus as per these statistics reveal, the overall sex balance in India is 933 females for every 1000 males, showing a marginal ontogenesis of 4 points from the 1991 census of 929. However, this is a very sorry state indeed and we are doing much worse than over a hundred days ago when the sex ratio was 972 in 1901, 946 in 1951 till the 93 3 today. The abbreviate of sex ratios in the age group of 0-6 long time all over India Years Sex Ratio 19619761971964198196219919452001933 The above table clarifies that more and more baby girls have either been aborted or killed as infants since 1961 and that this trend continues strong even today.The intensity of sex ratio imbalance in the 0-6 age group in some states of India is indeed horrifying. In Punjab the sex ratio is (793 F 1000 M), in Haryana it is (820 F 1000 M), in Himachal Pradesh it is (897 F 1000 M), in Gujarat it is (878 F 1000 M). Recent government figures show that in South Delhi, the sex ratio is 762 females per 1000 males, while in Mumbais Borivalli its 728 females per 1000 males. In Jaipur itself, an average of 3500 instances of female foeticide is supposed to be carried per year. These figures doubtlessly point out that the country, is witnessing today the systematic extermination of the female child on a large scale. All most the wholly of the country is under the grip of this menace. The following table estimates the intensity of Female Foeticide in the mixed states of India tell aparts Showing High Foeticide Percentage State Female Foeticide ( percentage to All India) Maharashtra 45.1 Madhya Pradesh 15.4 Haryana 14.3 Rajasthan 9.9 Andhra Pradesh 8.8From the above table we find that ironically the developed and the richest states of India are the toppers in the list where female foeticide is extensive. According to UNICEF plain done over 3 geezerhood (1994-1996), thither are only five states in India where no encase of foeticide or infanticide have been reported which are Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Jammu Kashmir. An approach in the child sex ratio whatsoever has only been marked in one state, Kerala, and two Union Territories, Lakshwadeep and Pondicherry. The reports published by mixed agencies also throw considerable light on this grim reality. The UN reports reveal that between 35 to 40 million girls miss ing from the Indian population.According to a study conducted recently in India, the first systematic study on female foeticide by an Indo-Canadian team, 10 million female foetuses have been aborted in India, What all the more shocking is according to its report every year, about 50,000 unborn girls-one in every 25-are aborted in India .The UNPFA report on India Towards Population and Development Goals published in 1997 also expressed its concern over the issue. It is estimated that 48 million women were missing from Indias population. The report states If the sex ratio of 1036 females per 1000 males observed in some states of Kerala in 1991 had prevailed in the whole country, the number of would be 455 million instead of the 407 million (in the 1991 census). Thus, there is a case of between 32 to 48 million missing females in the Indian society as of 1991 that needs to be explained. It further say that, The 1991 census is only indicative of this disturbing trend when elsewhere in the world women outnumber men by 3 to 5 percent. at that determine are 95 to 97 males to 100 females in Europe the ratio is even less, 88 males to 100 females, in Russia, mainly due to causalities of human race War 2.According to the UNICEF report, 40 to 50 million girls have gone missing from Indian population since 1901 as a go of systematic gender discrimination in India.Thus in thoughtfulness of all these facts it is quite evident that Female Foeticide has taken a bleak shape in India. It is the distressing reality of Shining India that the mass depletion of the fairer sex is being carried on boldly without any hesitation, without any fear. Laws in India to cow dung Female Foeticide In India in order to stop the indiscriminate abortion of female fetuses several laws have been enacted. The essential provisions relating to the prevention of Female Foeticide are laid down inIndian penal cypher 1860 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act,1971 The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Te chniques ( convention and legal community of Misuse) Act, 1994 a) Indian Penal Code 1860Under the IPC adequate provisions have been made for the auspices of mother and unborn child. Under Section 312, 313and 314, the IPC provides to save the women from spontaneous abortion. Miscarriage means the expulsion of the child or foetus from the mothers womb at any period of pregnancy before the term of gestation is completed. Though the term miscarriage is not defined in the I.P.C in its popular sense, it is interchangeable with abortion, and consists in the explosion of the conceptus or foetus, i.e. the immature product of conception. The stage at which pregnancy has advanced and the form which the ovum or embryo may have assumed are immaterial.Any act intended, not in unattackable faith to cause miscarriage is punishable under IPC. The penalty for this offence is further enhanced if the woman is quick with child. The term intensify refers to the peculiar sensations experienced by a woman about the fourth part or fifth month of pregnancy. The symptoms are popularly ascribed to the first cognition of the movement of the foetus. According to Section 312 if any person causes a miscarriage of woman, he shall be punished with the incarceration up to ternion years or fine or with both, and if the woman be quick with child, he shall be punished with imprisonment up to seven years and fine also. Under this section a woman who causes her miscarriage or gives hope to miscarry is also liable for punishment.Section 313 provides the punishment for life or ten years and fine, who causes the miscarriages of a woman without her consent. In the case of Tulsi Devi v. State of U.P, the accused women kicked a large(predicate) woman in her abdomen resulting in miscarriage. She was held to be convicted under Section 313.Section 314further provides that if the act directed to cause miscarriage results in death of the gravid woman, the offender is punishable with imprisonment of ten years as well(p) as with fine.However the IPC permits abortion for saving the life of the pregnant women. Section 312 allows the termination of pregnancy in corking faith for saving the life of the pregnant woman. The term good faith, however, is not a constant term but it is varied from case to case. The General Clauses Act 1897 defines good faith as, A thing shall be deemed to be done in good faith where it is, in fact done honestly. IPC defines good faith as Nothing is said to be done or believed in good faith which is done or believed without due care and attention. In addition to these, Section 315 and 316 provides for security measure against injuries to the unborn child. Section 315 lays down that any person doing an act without good faith with the intention of preventing a child to be born or to cause it die after birth is punishable with imprisonment of ten tears or fine or both. Section 316 provides if a person causes the death of a quick unborn child by an act a mounting to culpable homicide he shall be punishable with imprisonment for ten years as well as be fined. Like the Indian law, fortress to the unborn child has also been recognized and guaranteed in other countries too. Such as in the United States thirty-five states currently recognize the unborn child or fetus as a homicide victim. 25 of those states obligate this commandment throughout the period of pre-natal development while 10 ready protection at some later stage, which varies from state to state. For example, the overbearing administration of California treats the killing of a fetus as homicide, but does not treat the killing of an embryo (prior to approximately eight weeks) as homicide. The unborn Victims of Violence Act enacted in 2004 recognizes the child in utero as a fellow member of the species homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb. This child in utero is recognized as a legal victim if he or she is injured or killed during the com mission of any of 68 existing national crimes of violence and offered legal remedy as per the state laws. However, the federal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not break to apply to legal bring on abortions and do not contradict the U.S. Supreme costs rulings on abortion.But unlawful abortion however may be considered foeticide, even if the pregnant woman consents to the abortion..Similarly the English law also gives protection to the unborn child. It recognizes nipper Destruction as a crime. Child destruction refers to the crime of killing a child capable of being born existent, before it has a separate existence. The Crimes Act 1958 defined capable of being born alive as 28 weeks gestation, later reduced to 24 weeks. b)The Medical Termination Of Pregnancy Act, 1971 The MTP Act is another attempt to prevent high rate of female foeticide in India. This Act aims in preventing large number of unsecured abortions. The Act clearly states that an abortion can be termed legal only when- Termination is done by a medical practitioner O.K. by the Act Termination is done at a place approven under the Act Termination is done for conditions and within the gestation prescribed by the Act Other requirements of the rules orders are complied with.It permits termination of pregnancy only when Continuation of pregnancy constitutes risk to the life or laboured injury to the physical or rational health of woman or there is a substantial risk of physical or mental abnormalities in the fetus as to render it seriously handicapped or if pregnancy caused by rape (presumed grave injury to mental health) or due to contraceptive failure in married couple (presumed grave injury to mental health).However termination of pregnancy is possible Upto 20 weeks of gestation period only With the consent of the woman. If the woman is below 18 years or is mentally ill, then with consent of a guardian With the faith of a registered medical practitioner, formed in good faith, under certain circumstances With the opinion of two RMPs required for termination of pregnancy between 12 and 20 weeks.Also such abortion is to be conducted either at a hospital established or maintained by Government or at a place approved for the answer of this Act by a District-level Committee constituted by the government with the CMHO as Chairperson.Thus this Act on one hand positively aims to improve the maternal health scenario by upholding the validity of legally induced abortions and negatively, on the other hand, seeks to reduce illegal abortions. Also it is to be observe that such strict principles laid down by the Act for the regulation of abortion is a bold attempt by the Indian legislative assembly to check Female Foeticide. The Act seeks to put an end to the menace of illegal abortions carried out primarily for the elimination of female fetuses. c) The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulations and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994The PNDT Act is the outcome of the realization of the Parliament that a central put in of legislation had become mandatory for stopping the abuse of pre natal diagnostic techniques. When it was quite evident from the mushroom growth of clinics all over that the pre-natal diagnostic techniques were not restricted for the purpose of detection of inherited disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or congenital abnormalities or sex-linked diseases only but was actually leading to female foeticide, for the first time in India, in 1986, a social action group in Mumbai namely the Forum Against Sex Determination and Sex Pre-selection (FASDSP), initiated a campaign. On its pressure the Maharashtra government enacted the Maharashtra Regulation of Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1988, which was the first anti sex determination force in the country. This was followed by a similar Act being introduced in Punjab in May 1994.However both these Acts were repealed by the enactment of a central legislation, i.e. t he Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994, which came into effect from 01.01.1996, banning sex determination tests all over the country. This Act was renamed in 2002 as the Pre- liking and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act) which came to effect from 14.02.2003. The PCPNDT Act chiefly provides for Prohibition of sex selection, before and after conception. Regulation of prenatal diagnostic techniques (e.g. aminocentesis and ultrasonography) for detection of genetic abnormalities, by restricting their use to registered institutions. The Act allows the use of these techniques only at a registered institutions .The Act allows the use of these techniques only at a registered place for a specified purpose and by a qualified person, registered for this purpose. Prevention of misuse of such techniques for sex selection before or after conception. Prohibition of advertisement of any technique for sex selection as well as sex determination. Prohibition on sale of ultrasound machines to persons not registered under this Act. Punishment for violations of the Act. This Act requires that all diagnostic centres mustiness be registered with the authorities. They are required to maintain detailed records of all pregnant women undergoing scans there. These records must include the referring doctor, medical and other details of the woman, reason for doing the scan, and signatures of the doctors. These records must be submitted to the authorities periodically. For implementing the Act, impound authorities are appointed at the state level and work with the director of health services, a member of a womens organization and an officer of the law. At the district level, the appropriate post is the medical officer or civil surgeon. Advisory committees consisting of doctors, social workers and people with legal training assist appropriate authorities. supervisory boards at the state and cen tral levels look at the implementation of the Act. The appropriate authority may cancel the diagnostic centres registration, make independent investigations, take complaints to court, and take appropriate legal action. It may demand documentation, search premises, and seal and seize material. Courts may respond only to complaints from the appropriate authority. Under the Act the following people can be charged-everyone running the diagnostic unit for sex selection, mediators who refer pregnant women to the test, and relatives of the pregnant woman. The pregnant woman is considered innocent under the Act, unless proved guilty. So far as penalties under the Act are concerned, it consists of imprisonment for up to three years and a fine of up to Rs. 10,000. This is increased to five years and Rs. 100,000 for subsequent offences. Doctors charged with the offence leave be reported to the State Medical Council, which can take the further necessary action including suspension.These are th e three chief legislative measures initiated in India for combating the evil of Female Foeticide. judicial Response to Female Foeticide in India The Indian Judiciary has from time to time come up with ingenious ways to provide protection to the fairer sex and this essentially includes the group of unborn girls too. The Supreme Court in the case of Centre for Enquiry into Health and confederate Themes (CEHAT) and others v.Union of India which was filed under section 32 of the Constitution of India under PIL issued directions to Central Supervisory Board, all State Governments and Union Territories for proper and effective implementation of the PCPNDT Act which mandates that sex selection by any person, by any means, before or after conception, is prohibited. Since 2001, the judiciary has been closely monitoring the implementation of its various orders passed regarding the ban on the use of ultrasound scanners for conducting such tests. Subsequently, it had sought status reports fr om all states and Union Territories. The Supreme Court also directed 9 companies to supply the information of the machines sold to various clinics in the last 5 years.. Addresses received from the manufacturers were also sent to concerned states and to launch prosecution against those bodies apply ultrasound machines that had filed to get themselves registered under the Act. The court directed that the ultrasound machines/scanners be sealed and seized if they were being used without registration. The Supreme Court also asked three associations viz., The Indian Medical Association IMA, Indian Radiologist Association IRA, and the partnership of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Societies of India FOGSI to furnish details of members using these machines. It is to be noted that since the Supreme Court had issued such directives, 99 cases were registered and in 232 cases ultrasound machines, other equipment and records were seized Today there is an estimated 25000 ultrasound machines in the country, of these 15000 have been registered, owing to the efforts of the Judiciary. The Supreme Court in the case of Mr. Vijay Sharma and Mrs. Kirti Sharma vs. Union of India the Supreme Court has recently quoted that foeticide of girl child is a sin such tendency offends dignity of women. It undermines their importance. It violates womans right to life. It violatesArticle39(e) of theConstitutionwhich states the principle of state policy that the health and strength of women is not to be abused. It ignores Article51A (e) of theConstitutionwhich states that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. The architects of the MTPA, 1971, have not taken into consideration the fundamental rights of the foetus to be born. It is submitted that life exists in the foetus while in the womb of the mother and in this setting Article 21 of the constitution of India is applicable to unborn person as well.Current Scenario of the ex tent of Female Foeticide in India subsequent to the Legislative initiatives and Judicial attemptsIt is quite unfortunate that in India despite enactment of effective laws there has been a little change in the psychology and behavior in the people who still have a damn care attitude in causing the death of that most vulnerable being in India the female foetus. The PCPNDT Act has not been successful to curb out this menace completely but has somewhere or the other contributed to the mushroom growth of private clinics all over the country where people desperately predict for conducting sex selective abortions. Another shameful picture which has come out is that of the doctor community, more often labeled as Gods in our country, are seen to commit a blatant violation of law as well as medical ethics. The zeal with which Female F

Local Government between Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam

topical anesthetic anaesthetic political sympathies between Ind onenesssia and B electric arcei DarussalamComparison of topical anaesthetic regime between Indonesia and Brunei DarussalamRifka Aulyaa. IndonesiaStateIndonesia bills Rupiah (IDR)Capital DKI JakartaState social organisation UnitaryForm of political scienceConstitutional Republic (Presidential) topical anaesthetic consecrateing thither is Local Government in IndonesiaIndonesia is the one of the country in south-east Asia. To worry the resources on whole area in this state, it is possible if all of the management is accept by cardinal political sympathies. So, Indonesia has carrying into action of local government to manage each(prenominal) area according to the law No. 32/2004 on Local Government. To manage their resources within take in area, Indonesia divide into 35 province that temper by Governor who elect through an election every 5 years. The province is divided into districts and municipalities, wh ich each province, counties, and the city has a local government, which is regulate by legislation. And, each sub-district (kecamatan) consists of some villages that preempt define as the concluding level on Local Government in Indonesia. The scheme nigh Local Government in Indonesia is on picture bellow.Local Government in IndonesiaLocal government in Indonesia defines into 3 terms. They are local government as Implementation of local autonomy, government as an organ, and localities. The implementation of local autonomy is the fictitious character of government as a function. there are two functions there, once is the authority as policy-makers and to implement that policy, the opposite is as function/ righteousness/ affairs. There are many functions that can take by local government such as providing an education, wellness service, and many more. But, theres a function that cant handle by local government, just taken by central government that we call compulsive affairs in cluding defense, religion, security, monetary and fiscal, juristic, and foreign-relation. Government as an organ is the person or actors who implementing local government. The person is like the psyche of province (Governor), council (Bupati), Regents, etc. And localities is about the communities who live in local area. The rendering of localitiesLocal government in Indonesia besides divided into 4 categories that get to a specific authority, they are deconcentration, decentralization, delegation, and devolution. Deconcentration also called administrative decentralization, its solely in administrative. Decentralization is transferring authority of responsibility from central to lower government include managing the administrative, politics, economic, fiscal, etc. Devolution is decentralization in political just (political decentralization), its mean that local government can make or unmake the policies to make politic stability in their localities. And delegation also called ad ministrative decentralization.b. Brunei DarussalamState Brunei DarussalamCapital Bandar Seri BegawanCurrency Brunei Dollar (BND)State Structure UnitaryForms of Government Constitutional sultanateLocal Government Theres no Local GovernmentLocal Government in Brunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam is the one of ten countries in south-east Asia in which capital of the country is Bandar Sri Begawan. Brunei Darussalam has 422.700 populations and the blanket(a) area is 5.765 sq km. Forms of government is constitutional monarchy with the honcho of the country is majesty sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzadin Waddaulah, sultan and Yang dipertuan of Negara Brunei Darussalam. The grand Turk is appointed by Council of succession. grand Turk has absolute and full of authority in any state policy to govern the country, including the status of impunity for he and his family empire. People are not given the slightest power. only rules are made by the Sultan without regard to the desires or aspira tions of the people. To manage their state, Sultan is assisted and advised by six councils, namely the Council of Ministers, the legislative Council, the Religious Council, the Privy Council, the Adat Istiadat Council, and the Council of Succession.People have handed their rights over the Sultan to rule unanimously. Sultan should be responsible not only to gild but also to Allah SWT to bring the communities to achieve the welfare and prosperity. Thus came the saw in indigenous perspective that says Raja tidak zalim, rakyat pantang menderhaka kepada raja and Raja wajib adil, rakyat wajib taat.Sultans role is enshrined in the national philosophy of Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB). There are six roles of the Sultan in the context of MIB 1) The Sultan as an umbrella of Allah on the earth, 2) Sultan as the supreme leader of the Islamic religion, 3) Sultan as head of state, 4) Sultan is the head of government, 5) Sultan as supreme leader vogue, and 6) Sultan as supreme commander of the armed forces In the Beraja system there are 3 elements, namely the king (Sultan), the government and the people. Sultan get out be respected and loved by the societies, if government can execute its function well in providing services to the public. By itself the people and then will show his loyalty to the Sultan. The government should be able to run the administration well in order to run successful development.In Brunei Darussalam, its only divides into 4 districts, they are Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, and Tutong. The council of minister is appointed by their residents. So, theres no election in Brunei Darussalam. Theres no local government in Brunei Darussalam, although the local administration takes prescribe through the four districts. At the local level, people are correspond by their respective penghulus, ketua kampungs as head of the village, and heads of longhouse.The Local Government speciality between Indonesia and Brunei DarussalamDIFFERENTIATIONINDONESIABRUNE I DARUSSALAMLocal GovernmentTheres Local GovernmentTheres no Local Government stamp of Local GovernmentDecentralizationDeconcentrationDelegationDevaluationCentralizationElectionTheres an election every 5 years to determine/ subscribe the head of localitiesTheres no election, because the head of district was chosen by own residents (their own communities) in their respective areas.ResponsibilityLocal government have responsibility to Central Governmenthave responsibility fortheir respective communitiess welfare.The Similarities between Local Government in Indonesia andBrunei Darussalam similitudeIndonesia and Brunei DarussalamHead of districtsBoth of the countries have head of districts area to lead the own area, although with different name. In Indonesia, the district of Province, lead by Governor, municipal by Council (Bupati), regents by camat. In Brunei, the districts lead by penghulus and ketua kampungs.Daftar PustakaDodo, 2009. Kesultanan Brunei Darussalam. Access Date on Apri l seventh 2014 through http//nationalgeographic.co.id/forum/topic-96.htmlPermana, Renaldy. 2009. Konstitusi Brunei Darussalam. Date access on April 7th 2014, trough http//renaldypermana.blogspot.com/ 009/11/konstitusi-brunei-darussalam.html